More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

research-article

Open access

Remixing as a Pathway to Computational Thinking

Authors:

Sayamindu Dasgupta,

Andrés Monroy-Hernández,

Benjamin Mako HillAuthors Info & Claims

CSCW '16: Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing

Pages 1438 - 1449

https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819984

Published: 27 February 2016 Publication History

Abstract

Theorists and advocates of “remixing” have suggested that appropriation can act as a pathway for learning. We test this theory quantitatively using data from more than 2.4 million multimedia programming projects shared by more than 1 million users in the Scratch online community. First, we show that users who remix more often have larger repertoires of programming commands even after controlling for the numbers of projects and amount of code shared. Second, we show that exposure to computational thinking concepts through remixing is associated with increased likelihood of using those concepts. Our results support theories that young people learn through remixing, and have important implications for designers of social computing systems.

Supplementary Material

dasgupta.pdf (1438_dasgupta_supmat.pdf)

Dasgupta Supplemental Materials

Download
281.97 KB

References

[1]

Yochai Benkler. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press.

Digital Library

[2]

Joel Brandt, Philip J. Guo, Joel Lewenstein, Mira Dontcheva, and Scott R. Klemmer. 2009. Two studies of opportunistic programming: interleaving web foraging, learning, and writing code. ACM Press, 1589.

Digital Library

[3]

Karen Brennan. 2013. Best of both worlds: Issues of structure and agency in computational creation, in and out of school. Ph.D. Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Digital Library

[4]

Karen Brennan and Mitchel Resnick. 2012. New frameworks for studying and assessing the development of computational thinking. In 2012 annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Vancouver, Canada. http://scratched.gse.harvard.edu/ct/files/ AERA2012.pdf

[5]

Karen Brennan and Mitchel Resnick. 2013. Imagining, Creating, Playing, Sharing, Reflecting: How Online Community Supports Young People as Designers of Interactive Media. In Emerging Technologies for the Classroom, Chrystalla Mouza and Nancy Lavigne (Eds.). Springer New York, 253–268. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10. 1007/978-1-4614-4696-5_17

[6]

Karen Brennan, Amanda Valverde, Joe Prempeh, Ricarose Roque, Michelle Chung, Karen Brennan, Amanda Valverde, Joe Prempeh, Ricarose Roque, and Michelle Chung. 2011. More than code: The signficance of social interactions in young people's development as interactive media creators, Vol. 2011. 2147–2156. http://www.editlib.org/p/38158/

[7]

Amy Bruckman. 1998. Community Support for Constructionist Learning. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 7, 1 (March 1998), 47–86.

Digital Library

[8]

Giorgos Cheliotis, Nan Hu, Jude Yew, and Jianhui Huang. 2014. The Antecedents of Remix. In ACM 17th Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1011–1022.

Digital Library

[9]

Giorgos Cheliotis and Jude Yew. 2009. An analysis of the social structure of remix culture. In C&T 2009. 165–174.

Digital Library

[10]

Aniket Dahotre, Yan Zhang, and Christopher Scaffidi. 2010. A Qualitative Study of Animation Programming in the Wild. In 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 29:1–29:10.

Digital Library

[11]

Champika Fernando. 2014. Online learning webs : designing support structures for online communities. Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/95602

[12]

Casey Fiesler and Amy S. Bruckman. 2014. Remixers' Understandings of Fair Use Online. In ACM 17th Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1023–1032.

Digital Library

[13]

B. Hartmann, S. Doorley, and S.R. Klemmer. 2008. Hacking, Mashing, Gluing: Understanding Opportunistic Design. IEEE Pervasive Computing 7, 3 (July 2008), 46–54.

Digital Library

[14]

Scott C. Hemphill and Jeannie Suk. 2009. Remix and Cultural Production. Stanford Law Review 61, 1227 (2009).

[15]

Benjamin Mako Hill and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2013a. The cost of collaboration for code and art: evidence from a remixing community. In ACM 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1035–1046.

Digital Library

[16]

Benjamin Mako Hill and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2013b. The Remixing Dilemma The Trade-Off Between Generativity and Originality. American Behavioral Scientist 57, 5 (May 2013), 643–663.

[17]

Benjamin Mako Hill, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, and Kristina Olson. 2010. Responses to remixing on a social media sharing website. In Proc. ICWSM 2010. AAAI, Washington, D.C., 74–81.

[18]

Mizuko Ito (Ed.). 2009. Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. The MIT Press.

Digital Library

[19]

Henry Jenkins. 2008. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide (revised ed.). NYU Press, New York.

[20]

Henry Jenkins, Katie Clinton, Ravi Purushotma, Alice Robinson, and Margaret Weigel. 2006. Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century. Technical Report. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, USA. http://digitallearning.macfound.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=enJLKQNlFiG&b=2108773&content_id=

[21]

Andrew Keen. 2007. The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet is Killing Our Culture (3rd printing ed.). Crown Business.

[22]

Sangmi Kim, Seong-Gyu Kim, Yoonsin Jeon, Soojin Jun, and Jinwoo Kim. 2015. Appropriate or Remix? The Effects of Social Recognition and Psychological Ownership on Intention to Share in Online Communities. Human–Computer Interaction 0, ja (Feb. 2015). //dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2015.1022425

Digital Library

[23]

Jaron Lanier. 2010. You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto (1 ed.). Knopf.

Digital Library

[24]

Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger. 1991. Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press.

[25]

Lawrence Lessig. 2008. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy. Penguin Press HC.

[26]

Kurt Luther, Nicholas Diakopoulos, and Amy Bruckman. 2010. Edits & credits: exploring integration and attribution in online creative collaboration. In ACM CHI 2010. ACM, 2823–2832.

Digital Library

[27]

John H Maloney, Kylie Peppler, Yasmin Kafai, Mitchel Resnick, and Natalie Rusk. 2008. Programming by choice: urban youth learning programming with Scratch. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 40, 1 (2008), 367–371.

Digital Library

[28]

Lev Manovich. 2005. Remix and remixability. (2005). http: //www.manovich.net/DOCS/Remix_modular.doc

[29]

Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2007. ScratchR: sharing user-generated programmable media. In ACM 6th international conference on Interaction design and children (IDC '07). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 167–168.

Digital Library

[30]

Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Benjamin Mako Hill, Jazmin Gonzalez-Rivero, and danah boyd. 2011. Computers can't give credit: how automatic attribution falls short in an online remixing community. In ACM 2011 annual conference on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 3421–3430.

Digital Library

[31]

Jeffrey V. Nickerson and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2011. Appropriation and Creativity: User-Initiated Contests in Scratch. In 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). 1–10.

Digital Library

[32]

Lora Oehlberg, Wesley Willett, and Wendy E. Mackay. 2015. Patterns of Physical Design Remixing in Online Maker Communities. In ACM 33rd Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 639–648.

Digital Library

[33]

Seymour Papert. 1976. Some Poetic and Social Criteria for Education Design. Technical Report 373. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6250

[34]

Seymour Papert. 1980. Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas. Basic Books, Inc.

Digital Library

[35]

Kylie A Peppler and Mark Warschauer. 2011. Uncovering literacies, disrupting stereotypes: Examining the (dis) abilities of a child learning to computer program and read. (2011).

[36]

Mitchel Resnick, Amy Bruckman, and Fred Martin. 1996. Pianos not stereos: Creating computational construction kits. Interactions 3, 5 (1996), 40–50.

Digital Library

[37]

Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Karen Brennan, Amon Millner, Eric Rosenbaum, Jay Silver, Brian Silverman, and Yasmin Kafai. 2009. Scratch: programming for all. Commun. ACM 52, 11 (2009), 60–67.

Digital Library

[38]

Ricarose Roque, Yasmin Kafai, and Deborah Fields. 2012. From Tools to Communities: Designs to Support Online Creative Collaboration in Scratch. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 220–223.

Digital Library

[39]

Christopher Scaffidi and Christopher Chambers. 2011. Skill Progression Demonstrated by Users in the Scratch Animation Environment. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 28, 6 (June 2011), 383–398. //dx.doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.595621

[40]

Oshani Seneviratne and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2010. Remix Culture on the Web: A Survey of Content Reuse on Different User-Generated Content Websites. In Web Science. Raleigh, NC. http://journal.webscience.org/392/2/ websci10_submission_109.pdf

[41]

Judith D. Singer and John B. Willett. 2003. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence (1 ed.). Oxford University Press, USA.

[42]

Jeannette M. Wing. 2006. Computational Thinking. Commun. ACM 49, 3 (March 2006), 33–35.

Digital Library

[43]

Jeannette M. Wing. 2008. Computational thinking and thinking about computing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, 1881 (Oct. 2008), 3717–3725.

[44]

Jeannette M Wing. 2010. Computational Thinking — What and Why? (2010). http://www.cs.cmu. edu/~CompThink/resources/TheLinkWing.pdf

[45]

Seungwon Yang, Carlotta Domeniconi, Matt Revelle, Mack Sweeney, Ben U. Gelman, Chris Beckley, and Aditya Johri. 2015. Uncovering Trajectories of Informal Learning in Large Online Communities Of Creators. In ACM Second (2015) Conference on Learning@ Scale. ACM, 131–140.

Digital Library

[46]

Jude Yew. 2009. Social performances: understanding the motivations for online participatory behavior. In ACM 2009 international conference on Supporting group work. ACM, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA, 397–398.

Digital Library

[47]

Lixiu Yu and Jeffrey V. Nickerson. 2011. Cooks or cobblers?: crowd creativity through combination. In ACM 2011 annual conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1393–1402.

Digital Library

Cited By

Weixelbraun PGöbl BSteinböck MDuvivié MKayali F(2024)Discussing the Protagonist Role of Students in Game-Based LearningProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36770658:CHI PLAY(1-24)Online publication date: 15-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3677065
Palea DVadhul GLee D(2024)Annota: Peer-based AI Hints Towards Learning Qualitative Coding at ScaleProceedings of the 29th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3640543.3645168(455-470)Online publication date: 18-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3640543.3645168
Peng ZChen QShen ZMa XOulasvirta A(2024)DesignQuizzer: A Community-Powered Conversational Agent for Learning Visual DesignProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36373218:CSCW1(1-40)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3637321
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

The cost of collaboration for code and art: evidence from a remixing community
CSCW '13: Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work

In this paper, we use evidence from a remixing community to evaluate two pieces of common wisdom about collaboration. First, we test the theory that jointly produced works tend to be of higher quality than individually authored products. Second, we test ...
The effect of group composition on divergent thinking in an interaction design activity
DIS '06: Proceedings of the 6th conference on Designing Interactive systems

Nearly 50 years of empirical research has suggested that social influences have an inhibiting effect on creativity in collaborating groups such as design teams. This suggests that design teams may not be as creative as they could be, resulting in a ...
Forking a Sketch: How the OpenProcessing Community Uses Remixing to Collect, Annotate, Tune, and Extend Creative Code
DIS '23: Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference

Creative coders create programs that generate visual output. Frameworks such as p5.js support sketching with creative code. Given the focus on expressivity over functionality, code reuse in creative coding practice is distinct from other programming ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

CSCW '16: Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing

February 2016

1866 pages

ISBN:9781450335928

DOI:10.1145/2818048

General Chairs:
Darren Gergle
Northwestern University
,
Meredith Ringel Morris
Microsoft Research
,
Program Chairs:
Pernille Bjørn
University of Copenhagen
,
Joseph Konstan
University of Minnesota

Copyright © 2016 Owner/Author.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.

Sponsors

SIGCHI: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 27 February 2016

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

National Science Foundation

Conference

CSCW '16

Sponsor:

SIGCHI

CSCW '16: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing

February 27 - March 2, 2016

California, San Francisco, USA

Acceptance Rates

CSCW '16 Paper Acceptance Rate 142 of 571 submissions, 25%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 2,235 of 8,521 submissions, 26%

Upcoming Conference

CSCW '25

Sponsor:
sigchi

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing

October 18 - 22, 2025

Bergen , Norway

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

94
Total Citations
View Citations
1,596
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)229
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)20

Reflects downloads up to 01 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Weixelbraun PGöbl BSteinböck MDuvivié MKayali F(2024)Discussing the Protagonist Role of Students in Game-Based LearningProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36770658:CHI PLAY(1-24)Online publication date: 15-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3677065
Palea DVadhul GLee D(2024)Annota: Peer-based AI Hints Towards Learning Qualitative Coding at ScaleProceedings of the 29th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3640543.3645168(455-470)Online publication date: 18-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3640543.3645168
Peng ZChen QShen ZMa XOulasvirta A(2024)DesignQuizzer: A Community-Powered Conversational Agent for Learning Visual DesignProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36373218:CSCW1(1-40)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3637321
Zhou JLi RTang JTang TLi HCui WWu Y(2024)Understanding Nonlinear Collaboration between Human and AI Agents: A Co-design Framework for Creative DesignProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642812(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642812
Zhang LKim DCho YRobinson ATham YVaish RMonroy-Hernández A(2024)Jigsaw: Authoring Immersive Storytelling Experiences with Augmented Reality and Internet of ThingsProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642744(1-14)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642744
Li QMoallem MBoettinger JCai QLevi M(2024)An educational model of equity and computing: a study of marginalized student experience during COVID pandemicEducational technology research and development10.1007/s11423-024-10443-0Online publication date: 18-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-024-10443-0
Fernandez CDe Deus Lopes RBlikstein P(2023)Programming Representations: Uncovering the Process of Constructing Data Visualizations in a Block-based Programming EnvironmentProceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Learning, Design and Technology10.1145/3594781.3594783(11-20)Online publication date: 23-Jun-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3594781.3594783
Stemasov ELedo DFitzmaurice GAnderson F(2023)Immersive Sampling: Exploring Sampling for Future Creative Practices in Media-Rich, Immersive SpacesProceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3563657.3596131(212-229)Online publication date: 10-Jul-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3563657.3596131
Subbaraman BShim SPeek N(2023)Forking a Sketch: How the OpenProcessing Community Uses Remixing to Collect, Annotate, Tune, and Extend Creative CodeProceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3563657.3595969(326-342)Online publication date: 10-Jul-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3563657.3595969
Brocker ASchäfer RRemy CVoelker SBorchers J(2023)Flowboard: How Seamless, Live, Flow-Based Programming Impacts Learning to Code for Embedded ElectronicsACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction10.1145/353301530:1(1-36)Online publication date: 7-Mar-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3533015
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents