More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

research-article

A psychophysical study of fixation behavior in a computer game

Authors:

Veronica Sundstedt,

Efstathios Stavrakis,

Michael Wimmer,

Erik ReinhardAuthors Info & Claims

APGV '08: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization

Pages 43 - 50

https://doi.org/10.1145/1394281.1394288

Published: 09 August 2008 Publication History

Abstract

Prediction of gaze behavior in gaming environments can be a tremendously useful asset to game designers, enabling them to improve gameplay, selectively increase visual fidelity, and optimize the distribution of computing resources. The use of saliency maps is currently being advocated as the method of choice for predicting visual attention, crucially under the assumption that no specific task is present. This is achieved by analyzing images for low-level features such as motion, contrast, luminance, etc. However, the majority of computer games are designed to be easily understood and pose a task readily apparent to most players. Our psychophysical experiment shows that in a task-oriented context such as gaming, the predictive power of saliency maps at design time can be weak. Thus, we argue that a more involved protocol utilizing eye tracking, as part of the computer game design cycle, can be sufficiently robust to succeed in predicting fixation behavior of players.

References

[1]

Canosa, R. 2003. Seeing, sensing, and selection: modeling visual perception in complex environments. PhD thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester College of Science.

[2]

Cater, K., Chalmers, A., and Ledda, P. 2002. Selective quality rendering by exploiting human inattentional blindness: looking but not seeing. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, 17--24.

Digital Library

[3]

Cater, K., Chalmers, A., and Ward, G. 2003. Detail to attention: Exploiting visual tasks for selective rendering. In Proc. of the 14th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 270--280.

Digital Library

[4]

Deriugin, N. G. 1956. The power spectrum and the correlation function of the television signal. Telecommunications 1, 7, 1--12.

[5]

Duchowski, A. T. 2003. Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice. Springer, New York.

Digital Library

[6]

El-Nasr, M. S., and Yan, S. 2006. Visual attention in 3d video games. In Proc. of the 2006 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, 22.

Digital Library

[7]

Flanagan, J. R., and Johansson, R. S. 2003. Action plans used in action observation. Nature 424, 6950, 769--771.

[8]

Haber, J., Myszkowski, K., Yamauchi, H., and Seidel, H.-P. 2001. Perceptually guided corrective splatting. Computer Graphics Forum 20, 3, 142--152.

[9]

Hayhoe, M. M., Shrivastava, A., Mruczek, R., and Pelz, J. B. 2003. Visual memory and motor planning in a natural task. J. Vis. 3, 1 (2), 49--63.

[10]

Itti, L., and Koch, C. 2001. Computational modeling of visual attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2, 3, 194--203.

[11]

Itti, L., Koch, C., and Niebur, E. 1998. A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 20, 11, 1254--1259.

Digital Library

[12]

Kenny, A., Koesling, H., Delaney, D., McLoone, S., and Ward, T. 2005. A preliminary investigation into eye gaze data in a first person shooter game. In 19th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation.

[13]

Koch, C., and Ullman, S. 1985. Shifts in selective visual attention: towards the underlying neural circuitry. Human Neurobiology 4, 4, 219--227.

[14]

Land, M., Mennie, N., and Rusted, J. 1999. The roles of vision and eye movements in the control of activities of daily living. Perception 28, 11, 1311--1328.

[15]

Lee, S., Kim, G. J., and Choi, S. 2007. Real-time tracking of visually attended objects in interactive virtual environments. In ACM Symp. on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, 29--38.

Digital Library

[16]

Navalpakkam, V., and Itti, L. 2005. Modeling the influence of task on attention. Vision Research 45, 2, 205--231.

[17]

Palmer, S. E. 1999. Vision science: Photons to phenomenology. MIT Press, Boston.

[18]

Peters, R. J., and Itti, L. 2007. Beyond bottom-up: Incorporating task-dependent influences into a computational model of spatial attention. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1--8.

[19]

Peters, R. J., and Itti, L. 2008. Applying computational tools to predict gaze direction in interactive visual environments. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 5, 2, 22.

Digital Library

[20]

Rothkopf, C. A., Ballard, D. H., and Hayhoe, M. M. 2007. Task and context determine where you look. Journal of Vision 7, 14 (12), 1--20.

[21]

Salthouse, T. A., Ellis, C. L., Diener, D. C., and Somberg, B. L. 1981. Stimulus processing during eye fixations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7, 3, 611--623.

[22]

Sundstedt, V., Gutierrez, D., Anson, O., Banterle, F., and Chalmers, A. G. 2007. Perceptual rendering of participating media. ACM Trans. on Applied Perception 4, 3, 15.

Digital Library

[23]

Triesman, A. M., and Gelade, G. 1980. A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology 12, 1, 97--136.

[24]

Yarbus, A. L. 1967. Eye movements during perception of complex objects. In Eye Movements and Vision, Plenum Press, New York, 171--196.

[25]

Yee, H., Pattanaik, S., and Greenberg, D. P. 2001. Spatiotemporal sensitivity and visual attention for efficient rendering of dynamic environments. ACM Trans. on Graphics 20, 1, 39--65.

Digital Library

Cited By

Yang ZRen SWu ZZhao NWang JQin JHe SEl Saddik AMei TCucchiara RBertini MTobon Vallejo DAtrey PHossain M(2023)NPF-200: A Multi-Modal Eye Fixation Dataset and Method for Non-Photorealistic VideosProceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia10.1145/3581783.3611839(2294-2304)Online publication date: 26-Oct-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3581783.3611839
Smith PDombrowski MMcLinden SMacDonald CLynn DSparkman JCourbin DManero A(2022)Advancing dignity for adaptive wheelchair users via a hybrid eye tracking and electromyography training game2022 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications10.1145/3517031.3529612(1-7)Online publication date: 8-Jun-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3517031.3529612
Cutting JDeterding S(2022)The task-attention theory of game learning: a theory and research agendaHuman–Computer Interaction10.1080/07370024.2022.204797139:5-6(257-287)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2022
https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2022.2047971
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

A psychophysical study of fixation behavior in a computer game
1. Computing methodologies
  1. Computer graphics
    1. Graphics systems and interfaces
      1. Virtual reality

Recommendations

Video game design using an eye-movement-dependent model of visual attention

Eye movements can be used to infer the allocation of covert attention. In this article, we propose to model the allocation of attention in a task-dependent manner based on different eye movement conditions, specifically fixation and pursuit. We show ...
Human Visual Scanpath Prediction Based on RGB-D Saliency
ICIGP '18: Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Image and Graphics Processing

Human visual perception is considered as a dynamic process of information acquisition, while the visual scanpath can clearly reflect the shift of our eye fixations. In the previous study of visual attention, researchers generally do the saliency ...
Incorporating visual field characteristics into a saliency map
ETRA '12: Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications

Characteristics of the human visual field are well known to be different in central (fovea) and peripheral areas. Existing computational models of visual saliency, however, do not take into account this biological evidence. The existing models compute ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

APGV '08: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization

August 2008

209 pages

ISBN:9781595939814

DOI:10.1145/1394281

Program Chairs:
Sarah Creem-Regehr
University of Utah
,
Karol Myszkowski
MPI Informatik

Copyright © 2008 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

SIGGRAPH: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 09 August 2008

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

Sixth Framework Programme

Conference

APGV08

Sponsor:

SIGGRAPH

APGV08: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization

August 9 - 10, 2008

California, Los Angeles

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 19 of 33 submissions, 58%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

41
Total Citations
View Citations
598
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)15
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 21 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Yang ZRen SWu ZZhao NWang JQin JHe SEl Saddik AMei TCucchiara RBertini MTobon Vallejo DAtrey PHossain M(2023)NPF-200: A Multi-Modal Eye Fixation Dataset and Method for Non-Photorealistic VideosProceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia10.1145/3581783.3611839(2294-2304)Online publication date: 26-Oct-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3581783.3611839
Smith PDombrowski MMcLinden SMacDonald CLynn DSparkman JCourbin DManero A(2022)Advancing dignity for adaptive wheelchair users via a hybrid eye tracking and electromyography training game2022 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications10.1145/3517031.3529612(1-7)Online publication date: 8-Jun-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3517031.3529612
Cutting JDeterding S(2022)The task-attention theory of game learning: a theory and research agendaHuman–Computer Interaction10.1080/07370024.2022.204797139:5-6(257-287)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2022
https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2022.2047971
Stadler MDoebler PMertins BDelucchi Danhier R(2021)Statistical modeling of dynamic eye-tracking experiments: Relative importance of visual stimulus elements for gaze behavior in the multi-group caseBehavior Research Methods10.3758/s13428-021-01576-853:6(2650-2667)Online publication date: 23-May-2021
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01576-8
Polychronakis AKoulieris GMania K(2021)Emulating Foveated Path TracingProceedings of the 14th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction and Games10.1145/3487983.3488295(1-9)Online publication date: 10-Nov-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3487983.3488295
Cutting JCairns PKuhn G(2020)Nothing else matters: Video games create sustained attentional selection away from task-irrelevant featuresAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics10.3758/s13414-020-02122-y82:8(3907-3919)Online publication date: 11-Sep-2020
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02122-y
Ninaus MKiili KWood GMoeller KKober S(2020)To Add or Not to Add Game Elements? Exploring the Effects of Different Cognitive Task Designs Using Eye TrackingIEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies10.1109/TLT.2020.303164413:4(847-860)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2020.3031644
Ağıl UGüdükbay U(2018)A group‐based approach for gaze behavior of virtual crowds incorporating personalitiesComputer Animation and Virtual Worlds10.1002/cav.180629:5Online publication date: 17-Apr-2018
https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.1806
Filip JHavran VMyszkowski KKlein RRushmeier H(2016)Gaze analysis of BRDF distortionsProceedings of the Eurographics 2016 Workshop on Material Appearance Modeling10.5555/3061347.3061356(23-26)Online publication date: 22-Jun-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3061347.3061356
Sundstedt VSantos BDischler J(2016)A visualisation course in a game development curriculumProceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the European Association for Computer Graphics: Education Papers10.5555/3059068.3059070(9-16)Online publication date: 9-May-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3059068.3059070
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents