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HyperMark: issuing commands by drawing marks in HyperCard

Published: 03 May 1992 Publication History

Abstract

Pen-based interfaces that use markings to issue commands are becoming more popular every day. The advantages of markings as commands can also be used in traditional mouse-based interfaces. We have developed a system called "HyperMark" which allows markings to be used in Apple's HyperCard. For example, if HyperMarks are added to a screen button, not only does a button react to a mouse press, but marks can also be drawn on the button which trigger other actions. This results in fewer buttons and faster interactions in some cases. In effect, HyperMarks are similar to pop-menus where additional functions are "hidden" under a button until popped up. However, with HyperMarks, a user does not have to wait for menu pop-up, visually search the menu and point to an item. Instead, a mark triggers the item directly and quickly. Our intention is that ordinary HyperCard users/programmers can incorporate markings into their own HyperCard stacks.
Two types of marking recognition systems can be used in HyperMark. One system is a user trainable gesture recognizer developed by Rubine (1991) which we have ported to HyperCard. In Rubine's system a user can create their own vocabulary of markings and train the recognizer with several examples of each marking. The other recognition technique called "marking menus", developed by Kurtenbach (1991), has a preset vocabulary of markings. This vocabulary of marks consists of straight stroke marks distinguished by the angle of the stroke. Although this marking set is very limited, pie menus (Callahan, Hopkins, Weiser, & Shneiderman, 1988) are used in conjunction to help a user learn and remember the associations between marks and commands.
This poster presents the design issues concerning user programming and use of either of these systems in the context of HyperMark. Furthermore, we examine how these design issues apply to marking based interfaces in general. The major issues are: how much programming effort is required by a user to make use of one of these systems? How easy to use is each system? How self explanatory are they? How easily and successfully can marks be drawn in either system?
We have found that either system has its advantages and disadvantages and that the systems can successfully be used together. The advantage of the Rubine's system is that user can create one's own custom set of markings. However the disadvantage is that it is then the user's responsibility to design an unambiguous mark set and provide examples to train the system. Also, because markings are not self-revealing like buttons or menus, some sort of user built explanation must also be created. In contrast, with marking menus, because the marking set is preset, no marking set need be designed and ambiguity is not a problem. Furthermore, the pie menu aspect of marking menus provides built in help. Adding a marking menu is as simple as adding a pop-up menu. Thus for very little implementation overhead a user can obtain the benefits of using marks.

References

[1]
Callahan, J., Hopkins, D., Weiser, M. & Shneiderman, B. (1988). An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus. Proceedings of CHI '88, pp. 95--100.
[2]
Kurtenbach, G. & Buxton W. (1991) Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques. Proceedings of UIST '91, New York: ACM
[3]
Rubine, D. (1991) Specifying Gestures by Example. Computer Graphics, Volume 25, 4, July 1991, 329--337

Cited By

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  • (2018)A conversation with CHCCS 2018 achievement award winner Dr. Gordon KurtenbachProceedings of the 44th Graphics Interface Conference10.20380/GI2018.01(1-5)Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018
  • (1996)Pen computing for air traffic controlProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/238386.238436(87-94)Online publication date: 13-Apr-1996
  • (1994)Extending a graphical toolkit for two-handed interactionProceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology10.1145/192426.192500(195-204)Online publication date: 2-Nov-1994
  • Show More Cited By

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cover image ACM Conferences
CHI '92: Posters and Short Talks of the 1992 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
May 1992
138 pages
ISBN:9781450378048
DOI:10.1145/1125021
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

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Publication History

Published: 03 May 1992

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Cited By

View all
  • (2018)A conversation with CHCCS 2018 achievement award winner Dr. Gordon KurtenbachProceedings of the 44th Graphics Interface Conference10.20380/GI2018.01(1-5)Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018
  • (1996)Pen computing for air traffic controlProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/238386.238436(87-94)Online publication date: 13-Apr-1996
  • (1994)Extending a graphical toolkit for two-handed interactionProceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology10.1145/192426.192500(195-204)Online publication date: 2-Nov-1994
  • (1993)The limits of expert performance using hierarchic marking menusProceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/169059.169426(482-487)Online publication date: 1-May-1993

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