Abstract
Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of standardized protocols for analytical studies, storage and sample collection. Wearable chemical sensors provide a real-time, non-invasive alternative to typical laboratory blood analysis, and are an effective tool for exploring novel biomarkers in alternative body fluids, such as sweat, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. These devices may enable remote at-home personalized health monitoring and substantially reduce the healthcare costs. This Review introduces criteria, strategies and technologies involved in biomarker discovery using wearable chemical sensors. Electrochemical and optical detection techniques are discussed, along with the materials and system-level considerations for wearable chemical sensors. Lastly, this Review describes how the large sets of temporal data collected by wearable sensors, coupled with modern data analysis approaches, would open the door for discovering new biomarkers towards precision medicine.
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Acknowledgements
This project was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant R01HL155815; National Science Foundation (NSF) grant 2145802; Office of Naval Research grants N00014-21-1-2483 and N00014-21-1-2845; the Translational Research Institute for Space Health through NASA NNX16AO69A; American Cancer Society Research Scholar Grant RSG-21-181-01-CTPS; High Impact Pilot Research Award T31IP1666 from the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program; and the Center of Wearable Sensors at University of California San Diego.
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Sempionatto, J.R., Lasalde-Ramírez, J.A., Mahato, K. et al. Wearable chemical sensors for biomarker discovery in the omics era. Nat Rev Chem 6, 899–915 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-022-00439-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-022-00439-w