Key Points
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Directional cell migration is an important feature of cell motility that arises from intrinsic cell directionality or external regulation. The mechanisms that drive this process are being deciphered by identifying the specific factors that promote random versus directionally persistent cell migration.
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Cells achieve and maintain directionally persistent migration by forming and stabilizing protrusions or lamellipodia at their leading edge. Many processes can affect leading edge formation, and they often depend on local regulation of the Rho family of GTPases.
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The topography of the extracellular matrix provides an important physical cue that can promote directionally persistent migration, possibly by promoting front–rear polarity with geometrically constrained adhesion formation.
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The Par (partitioning defective) complex is an important contributor to the formation of the front–rear axis of a migrating cell. The Par complex serves as a nexus at the leading edge, connecting Rho GTPase signalling, centrosome reorientation, microtubule stabilization and membrane trafficking to the regulation of directional persistence during cell migration.
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At each step of the basic cell motility cycle, localized intracellular signalling and/or membrane trafficking can regulate directionally persistent cell migration by controlling the formation of lateral membrane protrusions.
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New models are needed to recapitulate the physically and biochemically complex environments through which cells navigate in vivo while confronted with competing guidance cues, to further understand how directed cell migration is achieved.
Abstract
Directional migration is an important component of cell motility. Although the basic mechanisms of random cell movement are well characterized, no single model explains the complex regulation of directional migration. Multiple factors operate at each step of cell migration to stabilize lamellipodia and maintain directional migration. Factors such as the topography of the extracellular matrix, the cellular polarity machinery, receptor signalling, integrin trafficking, integrin co-receptors and actomyosin contraction converge on regulation of the Rho family of GTPases and the control of lamellipodial protrusions to promote directional migration.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Y. Endo, A. Green, J. Harunaga and E. Joo for helpful comments on the manuscript. Support was provided by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health.
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Glossary
- Motogenic signal
-
A signal, such as a growth factor, that activates the cell motility machinery without providing directional information and thereby triggers intrinsic cell migration.
- Extracellular matrix
-
A network of proteins and polysaccharides secreted by cells that provides structural support for cells in tissues.
- Lamellipodium
-
A flattened, actin-rich protrusion found at the leading edge of a migrating cell.
- Integrin
-
A member of a large family of transmembrane proteins, which exist in the plasma membrane as heterodimers of α and β subunits and frequently mediate the interaction of cells with the ECM.
- Chemokinesis
-
Non-directional cell migration triggered by an extracellular cue.
- Contact guidance
-
The process by which cells are guided by topographical structures that are often associated with the ECM.
- Gastrulation
-
The process during embryogenesis whereby the embryo is transformed from a hollow sphere of cells into a structure with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
- Lamella
-
The flattened region immediately behind the lamellipodium.
- Glu-tubulin
-
(Also known as detyrosinated tubulin). A post-translational modification of tubulin that is associated with microtubule stabilization.
- Metastasis
-
The spreading of cancer cells from a site of origin to distant parts of the body, which often involves cell motility.
- GTPase-activating protein
-
(GAP). A protein that accelerates the intrinsic GTPase activity of small G proteins to inactivate them.
- Scratch wound healing assay
-
An in vitro cell motility assay. When an area of cells in a monolayer is cleared (scratched), cells will directionally migrate into the wound and close it.
- Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
-
A protein that activates small G proteins by catalysing the exchange of GDP for GTP.
- Anterograde transport
-
The transport of material from the Golgi to the cell surface through the secretory pathway.
- Retrograde actin flow
-
The net movement of filamentous actin away from the cell edge.
- Dishevelled
-
A family of cytoplasmic proteins that participate in Wnt signalling immediately downstream of the Frizzled receptors.
- Cell cortex
-
An actin-rich layer near the inner surface of the plasma membrane.
- Caveola
-
A flask-shaped invagination of the plasma membrane that contributes to cell polarity and directional cell migration.
- Arp2/3
-
A protein complex that nucleates actin filament growth from the sides of pre-existing actin filaments to form branched actin networks.
- Clathrin-coated pit
-
An invagination in the plasma membrane that is coated by lattices made up of the protein clathrin and is the precursor to an endocytic vesicle.
- Rab family
-
A large family of small GTPases, found on organelles and the plasma membrane, that confer specificity on vesicle docking and membrane trafficking.
- Matrigel
-
A commercially available basement membrane matrix, composed primarily of laminin and collagen, which can be used as a 3D tissue culture model for studying cell migration and differentiation.
- Proteoglycan
-
A protein core that is linked to at least one long, linear and highly charged polysaccharide chain.
- Focal adhesion
-
A large protein complex that mediates the attachment of the ECM to the actin cytoskeleton through an integrin heterodimer.
- Neural crest
-
A group of cells that migrate to various regions of the embryo and form, in part, the bones of the skull and teeth and portions of the peripheral nervous system.
- Morpholino
-
A synthetic molecule that binds to specific mRNAs to block their translation and is thereby used to assay protein function.
- Contact inhibition
-
The response that occurs when a migrating cell contacts another migrating cell and changes direction to move away from the point of contact.
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Petrie, R., Doyle, A. & Yamada, K. Random versus directionally persistent cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10, 538–549 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2729
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2729
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