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  • Review Article
  • Published:

Anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of plants and mushrooms

Nature Reviews Endocrinology volume 13, pages 149–160 (2017)Cite this article

Subjects

Key Points

  • The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide as a result of high-calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles

  • Current anti-obesogenic therapies have limited effectiveness and/or severe adverse effects

  • Substances in plants and mushrooms have anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects by regulating appetite, nutrient digestion and absorption, adipogenesis, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity and composition and function of the gut microbiota

  • Clinical data relating to the effectiveness of plants and mushrooms are limited, but preliminary evidence suggests they can have beneficial effects on body weight and fat accumulation in humans

  • Herbal and fungal phytonutrients could be combined with existing weight-loss treatments to optimize anti-obesogenic effects

Abstract

Obesity is reaching global epidemic proportions as a result of factors such as high-calorie diets and lack of physical exercise. Obesity is now considered to be a medical condition, which not only contributes to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer, but also negatively affects longevity and quality of life. To combat this epidemic, anti-obesogenic approaches are required that are safe, widely available and inexpensive. Several plants and mushrooms that are consumed in traditional Chinese medicine or as nutraceuticals contain antioxidants, fibre and other phytochemicals, and have anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects through the modulation of diverse cellular and physiological pathways. These effects include appetite reduction, modulation of lipid absorption and metabolism, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, thermogenesis and changes in the gut microbiota. In this Review, we describe the molecular mechanisms that underlie the anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of these plants and mushrooms, and propose that combining these food items with existing anti-obesogenic approaches might help to reduce obesity and its complications.

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Figure 1: Active substances in plants and mushrooms with anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects.
Figure 2: Molecular mechanisms of the antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects of plants and mushrooms.
Figure 3: Polysaccharides from plants and mushrooms have antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects via the gut microbiota.

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Acknowledgements

The authors' work is supported by the Primordia Institute of New Sciences and Medicine, by grants MOST103-2320-B-182-027-MY3 and MOST103-2321-B-182-014-MY3 from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan, and grants CMRPD1B0053, CMRPD1C0782, CMRPD190303, BMRPA04 and QZRPD120 from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Jan Martel, David M. Ojcius, Chih-Jung Chang, Chuan-Sheng Lin, Hsin-Chih Lai & John D. Young

  2. Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Jan Martel, David M. Ojcius, Chih-Jung Chang, Chuan-Sheng Lin, Yun-Fei Ko, Shun-Fu Tseng, Hsin-Chih Lai & John D. Young

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, 94103, California, USA

    David M. Ojcius

  4. Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Chih-Jung Chang, Chuan-Sheng Lin & Hsin-Chih Lai

  5. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Chih-Jung Chang, Chuan-Sheng Lin & Hsin-Chih Lai

  6. Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Chih-Jung Chang, Chuan-Sheng Lin, Shun-Fu Tseng & Hsin-Chih Lai

  7. Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhong-Zheng Street, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Chia-Chen Lu

  8. Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, 201 Tung-Hua North Road, Taipei, 10508, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Yun-Fei Ko & John D. Young

  9. Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Yun-Fei Ko & John D. Young

  10. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Hsin-Chih Lai

  11. Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Hsin-Chih Lai

  12. Graduate Institute of Health Industry and Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Hsin-Chih Lai

  13. Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, 10021, New York, USA

    John D. Young

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Contributions

J.M. and D.M.O. researched data for the article. J.M., D.M.O. and J.D.Y. wrote the article. All authors contributed to discussion of the content and reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John D. Young.

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Competing interests

Y.F.K. is President of Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation. J.D.Y. is Chairman of the Board of Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation. The authors (with the exception of S.F.T.) have filed patent applications related to the anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of mushroom polysaccharides.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information S1 (figure)

Active substances in plants and mushrooms with anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects. (PDF 342 kb)

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Glossary

Insulin resistance

Pathological condition in which the body produces insulin but fails to adequately respond to it.

Traditional Chinese medicine

A system of medical treatments that has been practiced in China for at least 2,000 years, including herbal medicine, acupuncture, qigong and meditation.

Nutraceuticals

Dietary supplements or purified compounds that produce beneficial physiological effects on the human body, in addition to their nutritive values.

Gut microbiota

Community of microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract in animals and humans, which has been shown to participate in various physiological and pathological processes in the gut and systemically.

Phytochemicals

Bioactive plant components that can have physiological effects in the human body.

Endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle of eukaryotic cells that is involved in protein synthesis and sorting, and lipid synthesis and metabolism, as well as detoxification.

Endoplasmic-reticulum stress

Condition in which misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to organelle dysfunction.

Leptin resistance

Pathological condition associated with obesity in which the body produces the hormone leptin, but fails to adequately respond to it.

Enterohepatic circulation

Circulation of bile acids from the liver to the small intestine, followed by absorption by enterocytes and transport back to the liver via the blood.

β-Oxidation

Catabolic process occurring in eukaryotic cells in which fatty acids are broken down to produce ATP and cellular metabolites.

Adipokines

Hormones secreted by adipocytes.

Glucotoxicity

Structural and functional damage to pancreatic β cells and the target tissues of insulin caused by chronic hyperglycaemia.

Intestinal tight junctions

Connections between two adjacent intestinal cells that limits the space between them and the passage of material from the intestinal lumen to the gut mucosa.

Prebiotics

Foods that are not digestible by humans, but promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines.

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Martel, J., Ojcius, D., Chang, CJ. et al. Anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of plants and mushrooms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 13, 149–160 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.142

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