Abstract
Fuelled by the obesity epidemic, there is considerable interest in the developmental origins of white adipose tissue (WAT) and the stem and progenitor cells from which it arises. Whereas increased visceral fat mass is associated with metabolic dysfunction, increased subcutaneous WAT is protective. There are six visceral fat depots: perirenal, gonadal, epicardial, retroperitoneal, omental and mesenteric, and it is a subject of much debate whether these have a common developmental origin and whether this differs from that for subcutaneous WAT. Here we show that all six visceral WAT depots receive a significant contribution from cells expressing Wt1 late in gestation. Conversely, no subcutaneous WAT or brown adipose tissue arises from Wt1-expressing cells. Postnatally, a subset of visceral WAT continues to arise from Wt1-expressing cells, consistent with the finding that Wt1 marks a proportion of cell populations enriched in WAT progenitors. We show that all visceral fat depots have a mesothelial layer like the visceral organs with which they are associated, and provide several lines of evidence that Wt1-expressing mesothelium can produce adipocytes. These results reveal a major ontogenetic difference between visceral and subcutaneous WAT, and pinpoint the lateral plate mesoderm as a major source of visceral WAT. They also support the notion that visceral WAT progenitors are heterogeneous, and suggest that mesothelium is a source of adipocytes.
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Acknowledgements
We thank P. Perry and M. Pearson (MRC HGU, IGMM, Edinburgh) for assistance with image capturing and time-lapse videoing, C. Nicol and L. Lettice for assistance with graphic design and publication (MRC HGU, IGMM, Edinburgh), L. Ramage (University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh) for technical assistance with human adipose tissues, R. Carmona and E. Cano (University of Malaga, Malaga) for assistance with immunostaining, E. Freyer (MRC HGU, IGMM, Edinburgh) and M. Waterfall (School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh) for assistance in running the FACS facility. Human sample collection was funded by the EU FP7 programme, the British Heart Foundation and the Medical Research Council. This work has been supported by a Medical Research Council core grant to the Human Genetics Unit (Edinburgh), grant BFU2011-25304 (MINECO, Spain), grant BFU2012-25304, and the Wellcome Trust (091374/z/10/z). A. Schedl was supported by grants from ARC (SL120120304626), ANR (ADSTEM) and FRM (DEQ20090515425).
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Conceived and designed the experiments: Y-Y.C., R. Bandiera, A. Serrels, O.M.M.E., R.M.C., A. Schedl and N.H. Performed the experiments: Y-Y.C., R. Bandiera, A. Schedl, O.M.M.E., W.Q., M.L., J.S., A.T., R. Berry, S.M., R.H.S. and R.M.C. Analysed the data: Y-Y.C., R. Bandiera, A. Serrels, O.M.M.E., R.M.C. and N.H. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: R. Bandiera, A. Serrels, M.L., R.H.S., B.R.W. and R.M.C. Wrote the paper: Y-Y.C. and N.H.
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Integrated supplementary information
Supplementary Figure 1 Representative FACS analysis of Lipidtox staining from the floating layer from adipose tissue digestion.
(a) Single cells (P1) from the fl oating layers were stained with LipidTox (Deep Red) or without and analysed by FACS (n = 3). (b) Immunofl uoresence of bone marrow from Wt1-CreERT2.mTmG mice (induced at E14.5 and harvested at one-two month old). Adipocytes in the bone marrow were stained with perilipin antibody (indicated in red; cell nuclei were stained with DAPI in blue). No GFP+ cells were detected. (c) FACS analysis of bone marrow cells. No GFP+ cellswere detected. Bone marrow cells from Cre-negative mice were used for the GFP gating (n = 3).
Supplementary Figure 2 Immunofluorescence images of adipose tissues from lineage tracing study.
One dose of tamoxifen was given to pregnant animals at E14.5 and mice were analysed at 1.2 years-old (n = 4). Sections from various fat pads were stained with GFP antibody(indicate in red), Wt1-antibody (indicate in green), and cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). a, epicadial; b, omental; c, perirenal; d, retroperitoneal; e, mesenteric. (f) Subcutaneous section stained with anti-RFP antibody (indicated in green) and GFP (indicated in red).
Supplementary Figure 3 Differentiation of SVFs into myotubes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes.
(a) Myotube differentiation assay. SVFs from Wt1CreERT2.mTmG mice were co-cultured with C2C12 myoblast and maintained in myotube differentiation medium for two weeks. Cells were stained with GFP (green) and desmin (red) or RFP (red) and desmin (green).Multinucleated myotubes expressing both GFP and desmin or RFP and desmin were observed (yellow). (b) adipocyte differentiation assay. SVFs were cultured in adipocyte differentiation medium for 10 days. GFP signal is indicated in green and RFP signal is indicated in red. Fluorescence images were merged with bright field image. Lipid droplets were seen in adipocytes. (c) Osteoblast differentiation assay. Sorted cells were cultured in osteoblast differentiation medium (DMEM, 10% FCS, P/S, ascrobate-2-phosphate, η-glycerophosphate and dexamethasome for 3 weeks. Alkaline phosphatase assay (blue) was used to detect osteoblasts. Osteoblast differentiation assay which was performed in SVFs sorted from different fat pads was shown in (d).
Supplementary Figure 4 Visceral fat pads are covered by mesothelia and short tamoxifen-pulsing labeled mesothelia.
(a) Visceral fat pads in adult mice are covered by mesothelia. Immunofluorescence staining of sections from epididymal, epicardial, mesenteric, and omental fat pads (from Wt1-GFP mice) with GFP (green) and cytokeratin (red, a marker for mesothelia) antibodies. DAPI is indicated in blue. (b)Short tamoxifen-pulsing labeled mesothelia in lineage tracing experiment. Immunohistochemistry using GFP (green) and cytokeratin (red) antibodies on samples from the region of GI tract in Wt1-CreERT2; mTmG embryos induced with tamoxifen at E14.5 and analysed at E16.5. Cell nuclei is stained with DAPI (blue).
Supplementary Figure 5 The epididymal appendage is covered by mesothelia and lipid-filled cells in the explant culture are adipocytes.
(a) Whole mount immunostaning of epididymal appendage from postnatal day 2 CD1 pups with a mesothelin (red) antibody. Immunoflurescence image of mesothelin is overlapped with the brightfield image. (b) Immunofluorescence staining of sections from E18.5 Wt1-GFP embryo showing the GFP+ layer (green) covering the surface of GI tract is mesothelin (red) positive. Cell nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). (c) Lipid droplets-fi lled GFP+ cells (green) in the epididymal appendage explant culture (Wt1-Cre^ERT2; mTmG) express adipocyte marker (FABP4, red) and (d) perilipin (green). GFP in (d) is indicated in red.
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Time-lapse video of adipocytes formation in a Cre-positive epididymal appendage ex vivo culture.
Time-lapse of the epididymal appendage in a Cre-positive Wt1-lineage tracing model (Wt1-CreERT2; mTmG) cultured in matrigel and adipocyte differentiating medium (including 1 μM 4-OH tamoxifen). Cells in the mesothelium expressed RFP at the beginning and then started expressing GFP. Adipocytes became visible in cells with lipid droplets. (AVI 24689 kb)
Time-lapse video of adipocytes formation in a Cre-negative epididymal appendage ex vivo culture.
Time-lapse of the epididymal appendage in a Cre-negatgive Wt1-lineage tracing model (Wt1-CreERT2; mTmG) cultured in matrigel and adipocyte differentiating medium (including 1 μM 4-OH tamoxifen). No GFP cells were detected. (AVI 33133 kb)
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Chau, YY., Bandiera, R., Serrels, A. et al. Visceral and subcutaneous fat have different origins and evidence supports a mesothelial source. Nat Cell Biol 16, 367–375 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2922
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2922
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