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Systems biology approaches identify ATF3 as a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 4

Nature volume 441, pages 173–178 (2006)Cite this article

A Corrigendum to this article was published on 21 February 2008

Abstract

The innate immune system is absolutely required for host defence, but, uncontrolled, it leads to inflammatory disease. This control is mediated, in part, by cytokines that are secreted by macrophages. Immune regulation is extraordinarily complex, and can be best investigated with systems approaches (that is, using computational tools to predict regulatory networks arising from global, high-throughput data sets). Here we use cluster analysis of a comprehensive set of transcriptomic data derived from Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activated macrophages to identify a prominent group of genes that appear to be regulated by activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors. Network analysis predicted that ATF3 is part of a transcriptional complex that also contains members of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB family of transcription factors. Promoter analysis of the putative ATF3-regulated gene cluster demonstrated an over-representation of closely apposed ATF3 and NF-κB binding sites, which was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation and hybridization to a DNA microarray. This cluster included important cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12b. ATF3 and Rel (a component of NF-κB) were shown to bind to the regulatory regions of these genes upon macrophage activation. A kinetic model of Il6 and Il12b messenger RNA expression as a function of ATF3 and NF-κB promoter binding predicted that ATF3 is a negative regulator of Il6 and Il12b transcription, and this hypothesis was validated using Atf3-null mice. ATF3 seems to inhibit Il6 and Il12b transcription by altering chromatin structure, thereby restricting access to transcription factors. Because ATF3 is itself induced by lipopolysaccharide, it seems to regulate TLR-stimulated inflammatory responses as part of a negative-feedback loop.

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Figure 1: Macrophage genes regulated by LPS form distinct kinetic clusters.
Figure 2: Predicting ATF3 target genes using protein interaction network and promoter analysis.
Figure 3: Kinetic analysis predicts a negative regulatory role for ATF3 in LPS-stimulated responses.
Figure 4: Role of ATF3 in in vitro and in vivo LPS responses.
Figure 5: Role of HDAC in ATF3-mediated gene regulation.
Figure 6: The transcriptional regulatory network of ATF3.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge A. Ozinsky, I. Shmulevich, W. Longabaugh and L. Hood for discussions. We thank A. Nachman, A. Clark and C. Baldwin for technical assistance. This work was supported by a Fellowship from the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (to M.G.) and the NIH (to A.A.)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, 98103, USA

    Mark Gilchrist, Vesteinn Thorsson, Bin Li, Alistair G. Rust, Martin Korb, Kathleen Kennedy, Hamid Bolouri & Alan Aderem

  2. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA

    Tsonwin Hai

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  1. Mark Gilchrist
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Correspondence to Alan Aderem.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Data 1

Comprehensive listing of cluster genes from LPS-stimulated macropahges. (XLS 295 kb)

Supplementary Data 2

ATF3 expression and effects in macrophages and liver. (DOC 32 kb)

Supplementary Data 3

Detailed protocol and results for transcription factor binding site predictions in cluster 2-derived target genes. (DOC 403 kb)

Supplementary Data 4

In depth ATF/kB binding site prediction for IL6 and IL12b promoters. (DOC 63 kb)

Supplementary Data 5

Kinetic models of ATF3/Rel regulation of IL6/IL12b transcription. (DOC 113 kb)

Supplementary Data 6

Chromatin immunoprecipitation: complete protocol. (DOC 28 kb)

Supplementary Data 7

ATF3 transcriptional regulatory complex: expression profile. (JPG 369 kb)

Supplementary Data 8

Gene array/ChIP to chip comparison: validation. (DOC 47 kb)

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Gilchrist, M., Thorsson, V., Li, B. et al. Systems biology approaches identify ATF3 as a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 4. Nature 441, 173–178 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04768

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