Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a RTL design and test methodology allowing the identification of design errors and difficult to verify functional parts. Using novel RTL fault models (namely, for arithmetic and relational operators) and Testability Metrics, two approaches are combined: RTL DFT and TPG. The need to inject faults on implicit variables of the RTL description is analyzed. Testability metrics, based on RTL fault detection (also associated with implicit variables), are shown to exhibit high correlation with Defects Coverage, DC. This high correlation enables RTL tradeoff analysis, for different DFT solutions, or test pattern generation. The proposed methodology for TPG leads to high DC by exercising RTL dark corners in a multiple and unbiased way. The resulting test patterns are, in fact, loosely deterministic patterns, suitable for low-cost BIST implementation. The usefulness of the methodology is ascertained using the mixed-level VeriDOS fault simulation tool and benchmarks circuits.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T.R. Alcaide, “Modelado de Fallos y Estimación de los Processos de Validación Funcional de Circuitos Digitales Descritos en VHDL Sintetizable,” Ph.D. Thesis, Escuela Téc. Sup. Ing. Industriales, U.P. Madrid, 1996.
G. Al Hayek and Ch. Robach, “From Specification Validation to Hardware Testing: a Unified Method,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1996.
K.M. Butler and M.R. Mercer, “Assessing Fault Model and Test Quality,” Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1992.
V. Chickermane, J. Lee, and J.K. Patel, “Addressing Design for Testability at the Architectural Level,” IEEE Transactions on CAD of Int. Circs. and Syst., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 920–934, 1994.
Chung-Hsing and D.G. Saab, “A Novel Behavioral Testability Measure,”96 IEEE Trans. on Computer Aided Design of Int. Circ. and Syst., vol. 12, no. 12, Dec. 1993.
CMUDSP benchmark (I-99-5, ITC 99 5), http://www.ece.cmu. edu/~lowpower/benchmarks.html
F. Corno, M. Sonza Reorda, and P. Prinetto, “Testability Analysis and ATPG on Behavioral RT-level VHDL,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1997.
F. Fallah, S. Devadas, and K. Keutzer, “OCCOM: Efficient Computation of Observability-Based Code Coverage Metrics for Functional Verification,” in Proc. Design Automation Conf. (DAC), 1998, pp. 152–157.
F. Ferrandi, F. Fummi, and D. Sciuto, “Implicit Test Generation for Behavioral VHDL Models,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1998, pp. 587–596.
M.H. Gentil, D. Crestani, A. El Rhalibi, and C. Durant, “ANew Testability Measure: Description and Evaluation,” in Proc. IEEE VLSI Test Symp. (VTS), 1994, pp. 421–426.
Xinli Gu, Krzysztof Kuchcinski, and Zebo Peng, “Testability Analysis and Improvement from VHDL Behavioral Specifications,” in Proc. EuroDAC, 1994, pp. 644–649.
H. Hao and E.J. McCluskey, “Very-Low Voltage Testing for Weak CMOS Logic Ics,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1993, pp. 275–284.
R.J. Hayne and B.W. Johnson, “Behavioral Fault Modeling in a VHDL Synthesis Environment,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1999, pp. 333–340.
Yuan-Chieh Hsu and S.K. Gupta, “A Simulator for At-Speed Robust Testing of Path Delay Faults in Combinational Circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1312–1318, Nov. 1996.
M.A. Iyer, moderator org., “High Time for High-Level ATPG,” Panel 1 session, in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1999, pp. 1113–1119.
P. Maxwell, I. Hartanto, and L. Bentz, “Comparing Functional and Structural Tests,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 2000, pp. 400–407.
S.D. Milllman and E.J. McCluskey, “Detecting Bridging Faults with Stuck-at Test Sets,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1988, pp. 773–783.
W. Moore, G. Gronthoud, K. Baker, and M. Lousberg, “Delay Fault Testing and Defects in Deep Sub-micron ICs––Does Critical Resistance Really Mean Anything?,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 2000, pp. 95–104.
C. Papachristou and C. Carletta, “Test Synthesis in the Behavioral Domain,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1995, pp. 693–702.
M.B. Santos, J. Braga, P. Coimbrão, J.P. Teixeira, S. Manich, and L. Balado, “RTL Guided Random-Pattern-Resistant Fault Detection and Low Energy BIST,” in Proc. IEEE Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits and Systems (DDECS), 2001, pp. 37–43.
M.B. Santos, F.M. Gonçalves, I.C. Teixeira, and J.P. Teixeira, “Defect-OrientedVerilog Fault Simulation of SoC Macros using a Stratified Fault SamplingTechnique,” in Proc. of the IEEE VLSI Test Symp. (VTS), 1999, pp. 326–332.
M.B. Santos, F.M. Gonçalves, I.M. Teixeira, and J.P. Teixeira, “RTL-based Functional Test Generation for High Defect Coverage in Digital Systems,” Journal of Electronic Testing and Applications (JETTA), vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 311–319, 2000. RTL Design Validation, DFT and Test Pattern Generation 187
S. Sengupta, S. Kundu, S. Chakravarty, P. Parvathala, R. Galivanche, G. Kosonocky, M. Rodgers, and T.M. Mak, “Defect-Based Test: a Key Enabler for Success Migration to Structural Test,” Intel Technology Journal, Q1'99, http:// www.developer.intel.com/ITJ, 1999.
J.J.T. Sousa, F.M. Gonçalves, J.P. Teixeira, C. Marzocca, F. Corsi, and T.W. Williams, “Defect Level Evaluation in an IC Design Environment,” IEEE Trans. on CAD, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1286–1293, 1996.
P.A. Thaker, V.D. Agrawal, and M.E. Zaghloul, “ValidationVector Grade (VVG): A New Coverage Metric for Validation and Test,” in Proc. IEEE VLSI Test Symp. (VTS), 1999, pp. 182–188.
P.A. Thaker, V.D. Agrawal, and M.E. Zaghloul, “Register-Transfer Level Fault Modeling and Test Evaluation Techniques for VLSI Circuits,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 2000, pp. 940–949.
K. Thearling and J. Abraham, “AnEasily Functional LevelTestability Measure,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 1989, pp. 381–390.
The Torch processor benchmark, http://www-flash.stanford. edu:80/torch/
Yves Le Traon and C. Robach, “From Hardware to Software Testability,” in Proc Int.Test Conf, 1995, pp. 710–719.
M. Vahid and A.6Orailoglu, “Testability Metrics for Synthesis of Self-Testable Designs and Effective Test Plans,” in Proc. IEEE VLSI Test Symp. (VTS), 1995, pp. 170–175.
J.R. Wallack and R. Dandapani, “Coverage Metrics for Functional Tests,” in Proc. IEEE VLSI Test Symp. (VTS), 1994, pp. 176–181.
P.C. Ward and J.R. Armstrong, “Behavioral Fault Simulation in VHDL,” in Proc. 27th. ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conf. (DAC), 1990, pp. 587–593.
Q. Zhang and I.G.6Harris, “A Domain Coverage Metric for the Validation of Behavioral VHDL Descriptions,” in Proc. Int. Test Conf. (ITC), 2000, pp. 302–308.
Y. Zorian, E. Marinissen, and S. Dey, “Testing Embedded-Core Based System Chips,” in Proc. IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), 1998, pp. 130–143.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Santos, M., Gonçalves, F., Teixeira, I. et al. RTL Design Validation, DFT and Test Pattern Generation for High Defects Coverage. Journal of Electronic Testing 18, 179–187 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014997610714
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014997610714