[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Longitudinal Study of Air Pollutants in Indian Metropolises: Seasonal Patterns and Urban Variability

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Aerosol Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study investigates the longitudinal trends and spatial variability of atmospheric trace gases and particulate matter (PM2.5) in five major Indian metropolitan areas: Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai, over the period from 2016 to 2020. Utilizing data from satellite remote sensing and ground-based monitoring stations, we analyze the seasonal and daily variations in concentrations of key pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and PM2.5. The study reveals distinct seasonal patterns influenced by meteorological conditions, urban activities, and regulatory measures. Elevated levels of pollutants are observed during winter months, particularly in Delhi, attributed to temperature inversions and biomass burning. Comparative analysis highlights significant urban variability, with Delhi exhibiting the highest pollution levels, while Chennai shows the lowest. Statistical analysis reveals that Delhi records the highest average daily concentrations of CH4 (1869.50 ± 31.08 ppbv) and PM2.5 (106.99 ± 83.49 µg/m3), while Chennai consistently records the lowest levels of CH4 (1836.82 ± 26.78 ppbv) and PM2.5 (33.42 ± 27.85 µg/m3). These findings provide critical insights into the temporal dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of air pollution, essential for devising targeted air quality management strategies in Indian cities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All of the data related to the study have been shown in tables and hyperlink of data source.

References

  • Avnery S, Mauzerall DL, Liu J, Horowitz LW (2011) Global crop yield reductions due to surface ozone exposure: 2. Year 2030 potential crop production losses and economic damage under two scenarios of O₃ pollution. Atmos Environ 45(13):2297–2309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avnery S, Mauzerall DL, Fiore AM (2013) Increasing global agricultural production by reducing ozone damages via methane emission controls and ozone-resistant cultivar selection. Glob Change Biol 19(4):1285–1299. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brauer M, Guttikunda SK, Nishad KA, Dey S, Tripathi SN, Weagle C, Martin RV (2019) Examination of monitoring approaches for ambient air pollution: a case study for India. Atmos Environ 216:116940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chetna, Dhaka SK, Walker SE (2024) & others. Decoding temporal patterns and trends of PM₁₀ pollution over Delhi: A multi-year analysis (2015–2022). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196, Article 500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12638-7

  • Chetna, Dhaka SK, Longiany G, Panwar V, Kumar V, Malik S, Rao AS, Singh N, Dimri AP, Matsumi Y, Nakayama T, Hayashida S (2023) Trends and variability of PM₂.₅ at different time scales over Delhi: long-term analysis 2007–2021. Aerosol Air Qual Res 23 Article 220191. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220191

  • Chetna, Dhaka SK, Longiany G, Panwar V, Kumar V, Malik S, Rao AS, Singh N, Dimri AP, Matsumi Y, Nakayama T, Hayashida S (2024) Long-term meteorology-adjusted and unadjusted trends of PM₂.₅ using the AirGAM model over Delhi, 2007–2022. Atmospheric Environment: X 100255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100255

  • Choudhary A, Kumar P, Shukla A, Singh S, Singh AK (2020) Characterization of trace gases and greenhouse gas in megacity New Delhi. EPJ Web Conferences 237(03008). https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023703008

  • Chowdhury S, Dey S, Di Girolamo L, Smith KR, Pillarisetti A, Lyapustin A (2019) Tracking ambient PM₂.₅ build-up in Delhi national capital region during the dry season over 15 years using a high-resolution (1 km) satellite aerosol dataset. Atmos Environ 204:142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dang H, Unger N (2015) Contrasting regional versus global radiative forcing by megacity pollution emissions. Atmos Environ 119:322–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhaka SK, Chetna, Kumar V, Panwar V, Dimri AP, Singh N, Patra PK, Matsumi Y, Takigawa M, Nakayama T (2020) PM2.5 diminution and haze events over Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period: an interplay between the baseline pollution and meteorology. Sci Rep 10 Article 13442. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70179-8

  • Fenger J (1999) Urban air quality. Atmos Environ 33:4877–4900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Firoozjaee FR, Gautam S, Samuel C (2024) Intricacies unveiled: a review bridging gaps in aerosol-lightning dynamics for a holistic perspective. Water Air Soil Pollut 235:202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07018-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg A, Shukla PR, Kapshe M (2006) The sectoral trends of multigas emissions inventory of India. Atmos Environ 40:4608–4620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam S, Shany VJ (2024) Navigating climate change in southern India: a study on dynamic dry-wet patterns and urgent policy interventions. Geosyst Geoenvironment 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geogeo.2024.100263

  • Gautam S, Upadhyay R (2024) Health effects and exposure assessment to bio-aerosols in indoor environments—An instrumental case study. Aerosol Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-024-00247-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam S, Blessy A, Abhilash P et al (2024a) Exploring radiative forcing sensitivity to aerosol optical properties across varied geographical regions in India. Air Qual Atmos Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01537-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam AS, Kumar S, Gautam S et al (2024b) Regional air quality: Biomass burning impacts of SO₂ emissions on air quality in the himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. Air Qual Atmos Health 17:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-023-01426-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GDB Maps Working Group (2018) Burden of disease attributable to major air pollution sources in India. Health Eff Inst. https://www.healtheffects.org/system/files/GBD-MAPS-SpecRep21-India-revised_0.pdf

  • Granier C et al (2011) Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period. Clim Change 109:163–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta S, Rajput A, Kumar R, Yadav S, Verma A, Gautam AS, Gautam S (2023) Seasonal variation and sources of PM₂.₅ bound water-soluble ions at Jammu city in the foothills of the North-western Himalayas, India. Geol J. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guttikunda SK, Gurjar BR (2012) Role of meteorology in seasonality of air pollution in megacity Delhi, India. Environ Monit Assess 184:3199–3211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2182-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guttikunda SK, Nishadh KA, Jawahar P (2019) Air pollution knowledge assessments (APnA) for 20 Indian cities. Urban Clim 27:124–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hama SML, Kumar P, Harrison RM, Bloss WJ, Khare M, Mishra S, Namdeo A, Sokhi R, Goodman P, Sharma C (2020) Four-year assessment of ambient particulate matter and trace gases in the Delhi-NCR region of India. Sustainable Cities Soc 54:102003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.102003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu A et al (2016) Environmental performance index. Yale University. https://www.epi.yale.edu

  • Kalbarczyk R, Kalbarczyk E, Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I, Serafin L (2015) Ozone concentration at ground level depending on the content of NOx and meteorological conditions. Ecol Chem Eng S 22:527–541

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman YJ, Tanré D, Boucher O (2002) A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system. Nature 419:215–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klimont Z, Kupiainen K, Heyes C, Purohit P, Cofala J, Rafaj P, Borken-Kleefeld J, Schöpp W (2016) Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon. Atmospheric Chem Phys Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotnala G, Mandal TK, Sharma SK, Kotnala RK (2020) Emergence of blue sky over Delhi due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown implications. Aerosol Sci Eng 4:228–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Singh D, Singh BP, Singh M, Anandam K, Kumar K, Jain VK (2015) Spatial and temporal variability of surface ozone and nitrogen oxides in urban and rural ambient air of Delhi-NCR, India. Air Qual Atmos Health 8:391–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar RP, Perumpully SJ, Samuel C et al (2023) Exposure and health: a progress update by evaluation and scientometric analysis. Stoch Env Res Risk Assess 37:453–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02313-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurokawa J, Ohara T, Morikawa T, Hanayama S, Janssens-Maenhout G, Fukui T, Kawashima K, Akimoto H (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2. Atmos Chem Phys 13:11019–11058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laakso L, Koponen IK, Mönkkönen P, Kulmala M, Kerminen VM, Wehner B, Wiedensohler A, Wu Z, Hu M (2006) Aerosol particles in the developing world; a comparison between New Delhi in India and Beijing in China. Water Air Soil Pollut 173:5–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence MG, Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review. Atmos Chem Phys 10:11017–11096. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malik S, Rao AS, Dhaka SK (2023) PM2.5 observations of outdoor and indoor environment at Dwarka, New Delhi, India. MAPAN - J Metrol Soc India. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-023-00694-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Misra P, Takigawa M, Khatri P, Dhaka SK, Dimri AP, Yamaji K, Kajino M, Takeuchi W, Imasu R, Nitta K, Patra PK, Hayashida S (2021) Nitrogen oxides concentration and emission change detection during COVID-19 restrictions in North India. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87673-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mushtaq Z, Bangotra P, Gautam AS et al (2024) Satellite or ground-based measurements for air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3) data and their health hazards: which is most accurate and why? Environ Monit Assess 196:342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12462-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivier JGJ, Janssens-Maenhout G, Muntean M, Peters JAHW (2015) Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2015 report. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu SK, Kota SH (2017) Significance of PM2.5 air quality at the Indian capital. Aerosol Air Qual Res 17:588–597. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2016.06.0262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Shankar S, Gadi R (2022) Variation in Air Quality over Delhi Region: a comparative study for 2019 and 2020. Aerosol Sci Eng 6:278–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-022-00144-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma D, Mauzerall D (2021) Analysis of Air Pollution Data in India between 2015 and 2019. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 22(2), Article 210204. https://aaqr.org

  • Sharma et al (2014) Seasonal variability of atmospheric aerosol parameters over Greater Noida using ground sunphotometer observations. Aerosol Air Qual Res 14(3):608–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Sharma A, Jain S (2018) Carbonaceous species of PM2.5 in megacity Delhi, India during 2012–2016. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 100:69525701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2313-9

  • Sharma M, Bangotra P, Gautam AS, Gautam S (2021) Sensitivity of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to land surface temperature, soil moisture, and precipitation over district Gautam Buddh Nagar, UP, India, vol 36. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, pp 1779–1789

  • Singh J, Singh N, Ojha N, Srivastava AK, Bisht DS, Rajeev K, Kunjukrishnapillai NVPK, Kumar RS, Singh V, Panwar V, Dhaka SK, Kumar V, Nakayama T, Matsumi Y, Hayashida S, Dimri AP (2022) Genesis of a severe dust storm over the Indian subcontinent: Dynamics and impacts. Earth Space Sci 9 e2021EA001702. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001702

  • Singh T, Matsumi Y, Nakayama T, Dhaka SK et al (2023) Very high particulate pollution over northwest India captured by a high-density in situ sensor network. Sci Rep 13., Article 13201. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39471-1

  • Soni PS, Singh V, Gautam AS et al (2024) Temporal dynamics of urban air pollutants and their correlation with associated meteorological parameters: an investigation in northern Indian cities. Environ Monit Assess 196:505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12678-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Chen Y (2019) Significant climate impact of highly hygroscopic atmospheric aerosols in Delhi, India. Geophys Res Lett 46:5535255545. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng S, Cao CX, Singh RP (2014) Comparison of ground based indices (API and AQI) with satellite based aerosol products. Sci Total Environ 488:400–414

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to extend their acknowledgements to Jigyasa University (Formerly Himgiri Zee University) Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India and Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India for providing required facilities and other logistic support while conducting this research.

Funding

No funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Science and Technology, Jigyasa University (Formerly Himgiri Zee University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Manish Sharma

  2. Department of Physics, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India

    Karan Singh & Alok Sagar Gautam

  3. Himalayan Atmospheric and Space Physics Research Laboratory (HASPRL), Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India

    Karan Singh & Alok Sagar Gautam

  4. Division of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 114, India

    Sneha Gautam

  5. Water Institute, A Centre of Excellence, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 114, India

    Sneha Gautam

Authors
  1. Manish Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karan Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alok Sagar Gautam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sneha Gautam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Manish Sharma, Alok Sagar Gautam or Sneha Gautam.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Please note that all the errors present in the manuscript are ours.

Conflict of Interest

There is no skirmish of interest in authorship.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, M., Singh, K., Gautam, A.S. et al. Longitudinal Study of Air Pollutants in Indian Metropolises: Seasonal Patterns and Urban Variability. Aerosol Sci Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-024-00262-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-024-00262-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation