[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

A review on optical fiber sensors for environmental monitoring

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Environmental monitoring has become essential in order to deal with environmental resources efficiently and safely in the realm of green technology. Environmental monitoring sensors are required for detection of environmental changes in industrial facilities under harsh conditions, (e.g. underground or subsea pipelines) in both the temporal and spatial domains. The utilization of optical fiber sensors is a promising scheme for environmental monitoring of this kind, owing to advantages including resistance to electromagnetic interference, durability under extreme temperatures and pressures, high transmission rate, light weight, small size, and flexibility. In this paper, the optical fiber sensors employed in environmental monitoring are summarized for understanding of their sensing principles and fabrication processes. Numerous specific applications in petroleum engineering, civil engineering, and agricultural engineering are explored, followed by discussion on the potentials of OFS in manufacturing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

OFS:

Optical fiber sensor

FBG:

Fiber Bragg grating

LPFG:

Long period fiber grating

MZI:

Mach-Zehnder interferometer

MI:

Michelson interferometer

FPI:

Fabry-Perot interferometer

DAS:

Distributed acoustic system

OTDR:

Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry

OFDR:

Optical frequency -Domain Reflectometry

OFS:

Optical fiber sensor

BOTDA:

Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis

BOTDA:

Brillouin Optical Frequency Domain Analysis

RI:

Refractive index

UV:

Ultraviolet

Vis:

Visible

NIR:

Near infrared

SMF:

Single-Mode fiber

MMF:

Multi-Mode fiber

PCF:

Photonic crystal fiber

HOF:

Hollow optical fiber

CSF:

Coreless silica fiber

DTS:

Distributed temperature sensor

SHM:

Structural health monitoring

References

  1. Campbell, M. “Sensor Systems for Environmental Monitoring: Volume One: Sensor Technologies,” Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 1–36, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ho, C. K., Robinson, A., Miller, D. R., and Davis, M. J., “Overview of Sensors and Needs for Environmental Monitoring,” Sensors, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 4–37, 2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Harrison, R. M. “Understanding our Environment: An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry and Pollution,” Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Timmer, B., Olthuis, W., and Van den Berg, A., “Ammonia Sensors and their Applications—A Review,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 666–677, 2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Korotcenkov, G., Han, S. D., and Stetter, J. R., “Review of Electrochemical Hydrogen Sensors,” Chemical Reviews, Vol. 109, No. 3, pp. 1402–1433, 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Shuk, P. and Jantz, R., “Oxygen Gas Sensing Technologies: A Comprehensive Review,” Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Sensing Technology, pp. 12–17, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Rheaume, J. M. and Pisano, A. P., “A Review of Recent Progress in Sensing of Gas Concentration by Impedance Change,” Ionics, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 99–108, 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Korotcenkov, G., Brinzari, V., and Cho, B. K., “Conductometric Gas Sensors Based on Metal Oxides Modified with Gold Nanoparticles: A Review,” Microchimica Acta, Vol. 183, No. 3, pp. 1033–1054, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jiang, G., Goledzinowski, M., Comeau, F. J., Zarrin, H., Lui, G., et al., “Free-Standing Functionalized Graphene Oxide Solid Electrolytes in Electrochemical Gas Sensors,” Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 1729–1736, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Stetter, J. R. and Li, J., “Amperometric Gas Sensors A Review,” Chemical Reviews, Vol. 108, No. 2, pp. 352–366, 2008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Mead, M., Popoola, O., Stewart, G., Landshoff, P., Calleja, M., et al., “The Use of Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Urban Air Quality in Low-Cost, High-Density Networks,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 70, pp. 186–203, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Swallow, J. G., Kim, J. J., Maloney, J. M., Chen, D., Smith, J. F., et al., “Dynamic Chemical Expansion of Thin-Film Non-Stoichiometric Oxides at Extreme Temperatures,” Nature Materials, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 749–754, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jiang, X., Kim, K., Zhang, S., Johnson, J., and Salazar, G., “High-Temperature Piezoelectric Sensing,” Sensors, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 144–169, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Moos, R., Izu, N., Rettig, F., Reiß, S., Shin, W., et al., “Resistive Oxygen Gas Sensors for Harsh Environments,” Sensors, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 3439–3465, 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Erfan, M., Sabry, Y. M., Sakr, M., Mortada, B., Medhat, M., et al., “On-Chip Micro–Electro–Mechanical System Fourier Transform Infrared (MEMS FT-IR) Spectrometer-Based Gas Sensing,” Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 897–904, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ciuti, G., Ricotti, L., Menciassi, A., and Dario, P., “Mems Sensor Technologies for Human Centred Applications in Healthcare, Physical Activities, Safety and Environmental Sensing: A Review on Research Activities in Italy,” Sensors, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 6441–6468, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Tong, X. C., “Advanced Materials and Design for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding,” CRC press, pp. 2–3, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Keiser, G., “Optical Fiber Communications,” John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  19. Frieden, R., “Managing Internet-Driven Change in International Telecommunications,” Artech House, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Submarine Cable Map, https://www.submarinecablemap.com/. (Accessed 22 DEC 2017)

  21. Fang, Z., Chin, K., Qu, R., and Cai, H., “Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Sensors,” John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  22. Huang, J.-Y., Van Roosbroeck, J., Martinez, A. B., Geernaert, T., Berghmans, F., et al., “Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Written by Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Micro-Structured Fiber for Downhole Pressure Monitoring,” Proc. of Optical Fiber Sensors Conference, pp. 1–4, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Li, J., Liao, K., Kong, X., Li, S., Zhang, X., et al., “Nuclear Power Plant Prestressed Concrete Containment Vessel Structure Monitoring during integrated Leakage Rate Testing Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors,” Applied Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 4, Article No. 419, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Perez-Herrera, R. and Lopez-Amo, M., “Fiber Optic Sensor Networks,” Optical Fiber Technology, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 689–699, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Madabhushi, S., Elshafie, M., and Haigh, S. K., “Accuracy of Distributed Optical Fiber Temperature Sensing for Use in Leak Detection of Subsea Pipelines,” Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, Vol. 6, No. 2, Paper No. 04014014, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kobs, S., Holland, D. M., Zagorodnov, V., Stern, A., and Tyler, S. W., “Novel Monitoring of Antarctic Ice Shelf Basal Melting Using a Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing Mooring,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, No. 19, pp. 6779–6786, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Pei, H., Cui, P., Yin, J., Zhu, H., Chen, X., et al., “Monitoring and Warning of Landslides and Debris Flows Using an Optical Fiber Sensor Technology,” Journal of Mountain Science, Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 728, 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Jaroszewicz, L., Krajewski, Z., Solarz, L., and Teisseyer, R., “Application of the Fibre-Optic Sagnac Interferometer in the Investigation of Seismic Rotational Waves,” Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 17, No. 5, p. 1186, 2006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Cao, D., Shi, B., Zhu, H., Wei, G., Chen, S.-E., et al., “A Distributed Measurement Method for In-Situ Soil Moisture Content by Using Carbon-Fiber Heated Cable,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 700–707, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Baharom, S. N. A., Shibusawa, S., Kodaira, M., and Kanda, R., “Multiple-Depth Mapping of Soil Properties Using a Visible and Near Infrared Real-Time Soil Sensor for a Paddy Field,” Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 13–17, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hill, K., Fujii, Y., Johnson, D. C., and Kawasaki, B., “Photosensitivity in Optical Fiber Waveguides: Application to Reflection Filter Fabrication,” Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 32, No. 10, pp. 647–649, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Othonos, A., “Fiber Bragg Gratings,” Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 68, No. 12, pp. 4309–4341, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kalachev, A. I., Pureur, V., and Nikogosyan, D. N., “Investigation of Long-Period Fiber Gratings Induced by High-Intensity Femtosecond UV Laser Pulses,” Optics Communications, Vol. 246, No. 1, pp. 107–115, 2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Wang, Y., “Review of Long Period Fiber Gratings Written by CO2 Laser,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 108, No. 8, p. 11, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Fujimaki, M., Ohki, Y., Brebner, J. L., and Roorda, S., “Fabrication of Long-Period Optical Fiber Gratings by Use of Ion Implantation,” Optics Letters, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 88–89, 2000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Palai, P., Satyanarayan, M., Das, M., Thyagarajan, K., and Pal, B., “Characterization and Simulation of Long Period Gratings Fabricated Using Electric Discharge,” Optics Communications, Vol. 193, No. 1, pp. 181–185, 2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Lin, C.-Y., Chern, G.-W., and Wang, L. A., “Periodical Corrugated Structure for Forming Sampled Fiber Bragg Grating and Long-Period Fiber Grating with Tunable Coupling Strength,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 19, No. 8, p. 1212, 2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Savin, S., Digonnet, M., Kino, G., and Shaw, H., “Tunable Mechanically Induced Long-Period Fiber Gratings,” Optics Letters, Vol. 25, No. 10, pp. 710–712, 2000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kashyap, R., “Fiber Bragg Gratings,” Academic Press, p. 480, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cusano, A., Cutolo, A., and Albert, J., “Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Recent Advancements, Industrial Applications and Market Exploitation,” Bentham Science Publishers, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kinet, D., Mégret, P., Goossen, K. W., Qiu, L., Heider, D., et al., “Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Toward Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Materials: Challenges and Solutions,” Sensors, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 7394–7419, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Bhatia, V. and Vengsarkar, A. M., “Optical Fiber Long-Period Grating Sensors,” Optics Letters, Vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 692–694, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Vengsarkar, A. M., Lemaire, P. J., Judkins, J. B., Bhatia, V., Erdogan, T., et al., “Long-Period Fiber Gratings as Band-Rejection Filters,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 58–65, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Patrick, H., Chang, C., and Vohra, S., “Long Period Fibre Gratings for Structural Bend Sensing,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 18, pp. 1773–1775, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Li, L., Xia, L., Xie, Z., and Liu, D., “All-Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometers for Sensing Applications,” Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 11109–11120, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Fu, H., Zhao, N., Shao, M., Li, H., Gao, H., et al., “High-Sensitivity Mach–Zehnder Interferometric Curvature Fiber Sensor Based on Thin-Core Fiber,” IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 520–525, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Harris, J., Lu, P., Larocque, H., Chen, L., and Bao, X., “In-Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometric Refractive Index Sensors with Guided and Leaky Modes,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 206, pp. 246–251, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee, B. H., Kim, Y. H., Park, K. S., Eom, J. B., Kim, M. J., et al., “Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors,” Sensors, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 2467–2486, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Hong, S., Jung, W., Nazari, T., Song, S., Kim, T., et al., “Thermo-Optic Characteristic of DNA Thin Solid Film and Its Application as a Biocompatible Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor,” Optics Letters, Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 1943–1945, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhang, S., Dong, X., Li, T., Chan, C. C., and Shum, P. P., “Simultaneous Measurement of Relative Humidity and Temperature with PCF-MZI Cascaded by Fiber Bragg Grating,” Optics Communications, Vol. 303, pp. 42–45, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Liu, Y., Li, Y., Yan, X., and Li, W., “Effect of Waist Diameter and Twist on Tapered Asymmetrical Dual-Core Fiber MZI Filter,” Applied Optics, Vol. 54, No. 28, pp. 8248–8253, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhu, T., Wu, D., Liu, M., and Duan, D.-W., “In-Line Fiber Optic Interferometric Sensors in Single-Mode Fibers,” Sensors, Vol. 12, No. 8, pp. 10430–10449, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kashyap, R. and Nayar, B., “An All Single-Mode Fiber Michelson Interferometer Sensor,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 619–624, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Bahrampour, A. R., Tofighi, S., Bathaee, M., and Farman, F., “Optical Fiber Interferometers and their Applications,” Interferometry-Research and Applications in Science and Technology, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Swart, P. L., “Long-Period Grating Michelson Refractometric Sensor,” Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 8, p. 1576, 2004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Hu, P., Dong, X., Ni, K., Chen, L. H., Wong, W. C., et al., “Sensitivity-Enhanced Michelson Interferometric Humidity Sensor with Waist-Enlarged Fiber Bitaper,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 194, pp. 180–184, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Yoshino, T., Kurosawa, K., Itoh, K., and Ose, T., “Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Interferometer and Its Sensor Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 30, No. 10, pp. 1612–1621, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Duraibabu, D. B., Poeggel, S., Omerdic, E., Capocci, R., Lewis, E., et al., “An Optical Fibre Depth (Pressure) Sensor for Remote Operated Vehicles in Underwater Applications,” Sensors, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 406–418, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Islam, M. R., Ali, M. M., Lai, M.-H., Lim, K.-S., and Ahmad, H., “Chronology of Fabry-Perot Interferometer Fiber-Optic Sensors and their Applications: A Review,” Sensors, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 7451–7488, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Zhu, Y. and Wang, A., “Miniature Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensor,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 447–449, 2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Culshaw, B., “The Optical Fibre Sagnac Interferometer: An Overview of Its Principles and Applications,” Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. R1–R16, 2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Kurzych, A., Jaroszewicz, L. R., Krajewski, Z., Teisseyre, K. P., and Kowalski, J. K., “Fibre Optic System for Monitoring Rotational Seismic Phenomena,” Sensors, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 5459–5469, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Jaroszewicz, L. R., Kurzych, A., Krajewski, Z., Marc, P., Kowalski, J. K., et al., “Review of the Usefulness of Various Rotational Seismometers with Laboratory Results of Fibre-Optic Ones Tested for Engineering Applications,” Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 12, pp. 2161, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Hartog, A. H., “An Introduction to Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors,” CRC Press, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kingsley, S. and Davies, D., “OFDR Diagnostics for Fibre and Integrated-Optic Systems,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 21, No. 10, pp. 434–435, 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Mukhopadhyay, S. C., “New Developments in Sensing Technology for Structural Health Monitoring,” Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  67. Barrias, A., Casas, J. R., and Villalba, S., “A Review of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors for Civil Engineering Applications,” Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 5, p. 748, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Froggatt, M. and Moore, J., “High-Spatial-Resolution Distributed Strain Measurement in Optical Fiber with Rayleigh Scatter,” Applied Optics, Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 1735–1740, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Eun, K., Lee, K. J., Lee, K. K., Yang, S. S., and Choa, S.-H., “Highly Sensitive Surface Acoustic Wave Strain Sensor for the Measurement of Tire Deformation,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 699–707, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Mateeva, A., Lopez, J., Potters, H., Mestayer, J., Cox, B., et al., “Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Reservoir Monitoring with Vertical Seismic Profiling,” Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 679–692, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Galindez-Jamioy, C. A. and Lopez-Higuera, J. M., “Brillouin Distributed Fiber Sensors: An Overview and Applications,” Journal of Sensors, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Yeniay, A., Delavaux, J.-M., and Toulouse, J., “Spontaneous and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Gain Spectra in Optical Fibers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 1425, 2002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Lim, K., Wong, L., Chiu, W. K., and Kodikara, J., “Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors for Monitoring Pressure and Stiffness Changes in Out-of-Round Pipes,” Structural Control and Health Monitoring, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 303–314, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Maraval, D., Gabet, R., Jaouen, Y., and Lamour, V., “Dynamic Optical Fiber Sensing with Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry: Application to Pipeline Vibration Monitoring,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 35, No. 16, pp. 3296–3302, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Long, D. A., “The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules,” West Sussex, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Pandian, C., Kasinathan, M., Sosamma, S., Rao, C. B., Jayakumar, T., et al., “Raman Distributed Sensor System for Temperature Monitoring and Leak Detection in Sodium Circuits of FBR,” Proc. of 1st International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications, pp. 1–4, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Lee, C.-M., Woo, W.-S., Kim, D.-H., Oh, W.-J., and Oh, N.-S., “Laser-Assisted Hybrid Processes: A Review,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 257–267, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Lee, H., Lim, C. H. J., Low, M. J., Tham, N., Murukeshan, V. M., et al., “Lasers in Additive Manufacturing: A Review,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Tech., Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 307–322, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Mihailov, S. J., “Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Harsh Environments,” Sensors, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 1898–1918, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Martinez, A., Dubov, M., Khrushchev, I., and Bennion, I., “Direct Writing of Fibre Bragg Gratings by Femtosecond Laser,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 40, No. 19, pp. 1170–1172, 2004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Gattass, R. R. and Mazur, E., “Femtosecond Laser Micromachining in Transparent Materials,” Nature Photonics, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 219–225, 2008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Meltz, G., Morey, W. W., and Glenn, W., “Formation of Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers by a Transverse Holographic Method,” Optics Letters, Vol. 14, No. 15, pp. 823–825, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Loh, W., Cole, M., Zervas, M. N., Barcelos, S., and Laming, R., “Complex Grating Structures with Uniform Phase Masks Based on the Moving Fiber–Scanning Beam Technique,” Optics Letters, Vol. 20, No. 20, pp. 2051–2053, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Ahmed, F., Joe, H.-E., Min, B.-K., and Jun, M. B., “Characterization of Refractive Index Change and Fabrication of Long Period Gratings in Pure Silica Fiber by Femtosecond Laser Radiation,” Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 74, pp. 119–124, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Yong, Z., Zhan, C., Lee, J., Yin, S., and Ruffin, P., “Multiple Parameter Vector Bending and High-Temperature Sensors Based on Asymmetric Multimode Fiber Bragg Gratings Inscribed by an Infrared Femtosecond Laser,” Optics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 1794–1796, 2006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Dostovalov, A. V., Wolf, A. A. E., and Babin, S. A., “Long-Period Fibre Grating Writing with a Slit-Apertured Femtosecond Laser Beam (λ = 1026 nm),” Quantum Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 235, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Melo, L., Burton, G., Warwick, S., and Wild, P. M., “Experimental Investigation of Long-Period Grating Transition Modes to Monitor CO2 in High-Pressure Aqueous Solutions,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 2554–2560, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Zhang, Y.-N., Peng, H., Qian, X., Zhang, Y., An, G., et al., “Recent Advancements in Optical Fiber Hydrogen Sensors,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 244, pp. 393–416, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Xie, W., Yang, M., Cheng, Y., Li, D., Zhang, Y., et al., “Optical Fiber Relative-Humidity Sensor with Evaporated Dielectric Coatings on Fiber End-Face,” Optical Fiber Technology, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 314–319, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Ghadiry, M., Gholami, M., Choon Kong, L., Wu Yi, C., Ahmad, H., et al., “Nano-Anatase TiO2 for High Performance Optical Humidity Sensing on Chip,” Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 39, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Richter, A., Paschew, G., Klatt, S., Lienig, J., Arndt, K.-F., et al., “Review on Hydrogel-Based pH Sensors and Microsensors,” Sensors, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 561–581, 2008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Yan, M., Tylczak, J., Yu, Y., Panagakos, G., and Ohodnicki, P., “Multi-Component Optical Sensing of High Temperature Gas Streams Using Functional Oxide Integrated Silica Based Optical Fiber Sensors,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 255, pp. 357–365, 2018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Fu, H., Jiang, Y., Ding, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, M., et al., “Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Incorporated Graphene Oxide as Sensing Coating for Interferometric Optical Microfiber for Ammonia Gas Detection,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 254, pp. 239–247, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Yu, C., Wu, Y., Liu, X., Fu, F., Gong, Y., et al., “Miniature Fiber-Optic NH3 Gas Sensor Based on Pt Nanoparticle-Incorporated Graphene Oxide,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 244, pp. 107–113, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Matias, I. R., Ikezawa, S., and Corres, J., “Fiber Optic Sensors: Current Status and Future Possibilities,” Springer, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Dominik, M., Koba, M., Bogdanowicz, R., Bock, W., and Smietana, M., “Plasma-Based Deposition and Processing Techniques for Optical Fiber Sensing,” in: Fiber Optic Sensors, Matian, I. R., Ikezawa, S., and Corres, J., (Eds.), Springer, pp. 95–114, 2017.

  97. Yang, M., Peng, J., Wang, G., and Dai, J., “Fiber Optic Sensors Based on Nano-Films,” in: Fiber Optic Sensors, Matian, I. R., Ikezawa, S., and Corres, J., (Eds.), Springer, pp. 1–30, 2017.

  98. Seshan, K., “Handbook of Thin Film Deposition,” William Andrew, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Ficek, M., Drijkoningen, S., Karczewski, J., Bogdanowicz, R., and Haenen, K., “Low Temperature Growth of Diamond Films on Optical Fibers Using Linear Antenna CVD System,” Proc. of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Paper No. 012025, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Majchrowicz, D., Hirsch, M., Wierzba, P., Bechelany, M., Viter, R., et al., “Application of Thin ZnO ALD Layers in Fiber-Optic Fabry-Pérot Sensing Interferometers,” Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 416, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Melo, L., Burton, G., Kubik, P., and Wild, P., “Refractive Index Sensor Based on Inline Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Coated with Hafnium Oxide by Atomic Layer Deposition,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 236, pp. 537–545, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Volkert, C. A. and Minor, A. M., “Focused Ion Beam Microscopy and Micromachining,” MRS Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 389–399, 2007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. André, R. M., Pevec, S., Becker, M., Dellith, J., Rothhardt, M., et al., “Focused Ion Beam Post-Processing of Optical Fiber Fabry-Perot Cavities for Sensing Applications,” Optics Express, Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 13102–13108, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Kou, J.-L., Qiu, S.-J., Xu, F., Lu, Y.-Q., Yuan, Y., et al., “Miniaturized Metal-Dielectric-Hybrid Fiber Tip Grating for Refractive Index Sensing,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 23, No. 22, pp. 1712–1714, 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Ahmed, F., Ahsani, V., Melo, L., Wild, P., and Jun, M. B., “Miniaturized Tapered Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer for Enhanced Refractive Index Sensing,” IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 16, No. 24, pp. 8761–8766, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Tseng, S.-M. and Chen, C.-L., “Side-Polished Fibers,” Applied Optics, Vol. 31, No. 18, pp. 3438–3447, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Gaston, A., Lozano, I., Perez, F., Auza, F., and Sevilla, J., “Evanescent Wave Optical-Fiber Sensing (Temperature, Relative Humidity, and pH Sensors),” IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 806–811, 2003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Wei, H., Zhu, Y., and Krishnaswamy, S., “Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Fiber Coupler for Measuring the Refractive Index of Liquids,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 103–106, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Borzycki, K. and Schuster, K., “Arc Fusion Splicing of Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Photonic Crystals-Introduction, Applications and Theory, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Chong, J. H., Rao, M., Zhu, Y., and Shum, P., “An Effective Splicing Method on Photonic Crystal Fiber Using CO2 Laser,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 942–944, 2003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Qiao, X., Shao, Z., Bao, W., and Rong, Q., “Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for the Oil Industry,” Sensors, Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 429, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Bao, X. and Chen, L., “Recent Progress in Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors,” Sensors, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 8601–8639, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Gyger, F., Chin, S., Rochat, E., Ravet, F., and Niklès, M., “Ultra Long Range DTS (> 300 km) to Support Deep Offshore and Long Tieback Developments,” Proc. of 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp. V06BT04A001-V006BT004A001, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Ravet, F., Rochat, E., and Niklès, M., “Challenges, Requirements and Advances for Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors in Surf Structures and Subsea Well Monitoring,” Proc. of American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Lin, W. T., Lou, S. Q., and Liang, S., “Fiber-Optic Distributed Vibration Sensor for Pipeline Pre-Alarm,” Proc. of the Applied Mechanics and Materials, pp. 235–239, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Worsley, J., Minto, C., Hill, D., Godfrey, A., and Ashdown, J., “Fibre Optic Four Mode Leak Detection for Gas, Liquids and Multiphase Products,” Proc. of Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, pp. 10–13, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Varela, F., Yongjun Tan, M., and Forsyth, M., “An Overview of Major Methods for Inspecting and Monitoring External Corrosion of On-Shore Transportation Pipelines,” Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 226–235, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Pnev, A., Zhirnov, A., Stepanov, K., Nesterov, E., Shelestov, D., et al., “Mathematical Analysis of Marine Pipeline Leakage Monitoring System Based on Coherent OTDR with Improved Sensor Length and Sampling Frequency,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Paper No. 012016, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Wong, L., Rathnayaka, S., Chiu, W., and Kodikara, J., “Fatigue Damage Monitoring of a Cast Iron Pipeline Using Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors,” Procedia Engineering, Vol. 188, pp. 293–300, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Mirzaei, A., Bahrampour, A., Taraz, M., Bahrampour, A., Bahrampour, M., et al., “Transient Response of Buried Oil Pipelines Fiber Optic Leak Detector Based on the Distributed Temperature Measurement,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 65, pp. 110–122, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Jin, B., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., and Wang, D., “Application Research of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Technology Used in Safety Monitoring of Coalbed Methane Pipelines,” Proc. of the Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium, pp. 4903–4906, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Jiang, T., Ren, L., Jia, Z. G., Li, D. S., and Li, H. N., “Pipeline Internal Corrosion Monitoring Based on Distributed Strain Measurement Technique,” Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Wang, F., Sun, Z., Zhu, F., Zhu, C., Pan, Y., et al., “Research on the Leakage Monitoring of Oil Pipeline Using BOTDR,” Proc. of Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium, pp. 4907–4910, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Peng, F., Wu, H., Jia, X.-H., Rao, Y.-J., Wang, Z.-N., et al., “Ultra-Long High-Sensitivity φ-OTDR for High Spatial Resolution Intrusion Detection of Pipelines,” Optics Express, Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 13804–13810, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Tan, D., Tian, X., Sun, W., Zhou, Y., Liu, L., et al., “An Oil & Gas Pipeline Pre-Warning System Based on φ-OTDR,” Proc. of the 23rd International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Paper No. 91578W, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Tejedor, J., Macias-Guarasa, J., Martins, H. F., Piote, D., Pastor-Graells, J., et al., “A Novel Fiber Optic Based Surveillance System for Prevention of Pipeline Integrity Threats,” Sensors, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 355, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Wang, J., Zhao, L., Liu, T., Li, Z., Sun, T., et al., “Novel Negative Pressure Wave-Based Pipeline Leak Detection System Using Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Pressure Sensors,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 35, No. 16, pp. 3366–3373, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Freire, J., Perrut, V., Braga, A., Vieira, R., Ribeiro, A., et al., “Use of FBG Strain Gages on a Pipeline Specimen Repaired with a CFRE Composite,” Experimental Techniques, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 70–79, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Hou, Q., Ren, L., Jiao, W., Zou, P., and Song, G., “An Improved Negative Pressure Wave Method for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Location Using FBG Based Strain Sensor and Wavelet Transform,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Hou, Q., Jiao, W., Ren, L., Cao, H., and Song, G., “Experimental Study of Leakage Detection of Natural Gas Pipeline Using FBG Based Strain Sensor and Least Square Support Vector Machine,” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 32, pp. 144–151, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Ren, L., Jia, Z., Ho, M. S. C., Yi, T., and Li, H., “Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Based Strain Sensor in Pipeline Vortex-Induced Vibration Measurement,” Science China Technological Sciences, Vol. 57, No. 9, pp. 1714–1720, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Jiang, T., Ren, L., Jia, Z., Li, D., and Li, H., “Application of FBG Based Sensor in Pipeline Safety Monitoring,” Applied Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 1–12, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Ríos, J. D. B., Torres, C. E., Aristizabal, J. H., Galvis, A., Díaz, R. A., et al., “Monitoring Stress/Strain in Buried Pipelines Through the Use of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors,” International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp. V001T003A007–V001T003A007, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Felli, F., Paolozzi, A., Vendittozzi, C., Paris, C., and Asanuma, H., “Use of FBG Sensors for Health Monitoring of Pipelines,” Proc. of the International Society for Optics and Photonics in Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace System, Paper No. 98031L, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Cuéllar-Franca, R. M. and Azapagic, A., “Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies: A Critical Analysis and Comparison of their Life Cycle Environmental Impacts,” Journal of CO2 Utilization, Vol. 9, pp. 82–102, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Bao, B., Melo, L., Davies, B., Fadaei, H., Sinton, D., et al., “Detecting Supercritical CO2 in Brine at Sequestration Pressure with an Optical Fiber Sensor,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 306–313, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Li, Y., Zhu, W., Cheng, B., Nygaard, R., and Xiao, H., “Laboratory Evaluation of Distributed Coaxial Cable Temperature Sensors for Application in CO2 Sequestration Well Characterization,” Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 812–823, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Feng, X., Wu, W., Meng, D., Ansari, F., and Zhou, J., “Distributed Monitoring Method for Upheaval Buckling in Subsea Pipelines with Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis Sensors,” Advances in Structural Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 180–190, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Seaman, C. H., Brower, D. V., Le, S. Q., and Tang, H. H., “Development and Testing of a Post-Installable Deepwater Monitoring System Using Fiber-Optic Sensors,” Proc. of the 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering, Paper No. V05BT04A048, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Bentley, N. L., Brower, D. V., Le, S. Q., Seaman, C. H., and Tang, H. H., “Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea Fiber-Optic Monitoring System,” Proc. of the 36th International Conference on Ocean, Arctic Engineering, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Razali, N., Bakar, M. A., Tamchek, N., Yaacob, M., Latif, A., et al., “Fiber Bragg Grating for Pressure Monitoring of Full Composite Lightweight Epoxy Sleeve Strengthening System for Submarine Pipeline,” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, Vol. 26, pp. 135–141, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Xu, J., Yang, D., Qin, C., Jiang, Y., Sheng, L., et al., “Study and Test of a New Bundle-Structure Riser Stress Monitoring Sensor Based on FBG,” Sensors, Vol. 15, No. 11, pp. 29648–29660, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Hwang, D., Yoon, D.-J., Kwon, I.-B., Seo, D.-C., and Chung, Y., “Novel Auto-Correction Method in a Fiber-Optic Distributed-Temperature Sensor Using Reflected Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering,” Optics Express, Vol. 18, No. 10, pp. 9747–9754, 2010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Yamate, T., Fujisawa, G., and Ikegami, T., “Optical Sensors for the Exploration of Oil and Gas,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 35, No. 16, pp. 3538–3545, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Sanders, P. E., Macdougall, T. W., Birritta, F., Melnychuk, M. R., Molzan, K. M., et al., “Field Evaluation of Dual-Ended, High Temperature, Hydrogen Tolerant Fiber Optic DTS Sensor with Compact Fiber Loop Assembly,” World Heavy Oil Congress, pp. 577–581, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Westerwaal, R., Rooijmans, J., Leclercq, L., Gheorghe, D., Radeva, T., et al., “Nanostructured Pd–Au Based Fiber Optic Sensors for Probing Hydrogen Concentrations in Gas Mixtures,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 4201–4212, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Jiang, J., Ma, G.-M., Li, C.-R., Song, H.-T., Luo, Y.-T., et al., “Highly Sensitive Dissolved Hydrogen Sensor Based on Side-Polished Fiber Bragg Grating,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 27, No. 13, pp. 1453–1456, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Poole, Z., Ohodnicki, P., Yan, A., Lin, Y., and Chen, K., “Sub-CM Resolution Distributed Fiber Optic Hydrogen Sensing with Nano-Engineered TiO2,” ArXiv Preprint, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Huang, P.-C., Chen, Y.-P., Zhang, G., Song, H., and Liu, Y., “Note: Durability Analysis of Optical Fiber Hydrogen Sensor Based on Pd-Y Alloy Film,” Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, No. 2, Paper No. 026104, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Zhu, H.-H., Shi, B., Yan, J.-F., Zhang, J., Zhang, C.-C., et al., “Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Performance Monitoring of a Slope Model Subjected to Seepage,” Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 23, No. 9, Paper No. 095027, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Jaroszewicz, L. R., Krajewski, Z., and Swillo, R., “Application of Fiber-Optic Sagnac Interferometer for Detection of Rotational Seismic Events,” Molecular and Quantum Acoustics, Vol. 22, pp. 133–134, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Tyler, S., Holland, D., Zagorodnov, V., Stern, A., Sladek, C., et al., “Using Distributed Temperature Sensors to Monitor an Antarctic Ice Shelf and Sub-Ice-Shelf Cavity,” Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 59, No. 215, pp. 583–591, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Rosolem, J. B., Dini, D. C., Penze, R. S., Floridia, C., Leonardi, A. A., et al., “Fiber Optic Bending Sensor for Water Level Monitoring: Development and Field Test: A Review,” IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 13, No. 11, pp. 4113–4120, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Li, H.-N., Li, D.-S., and Song, G.-B., “Recent Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors to Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering,” Engineering Structures, Vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 1647–1657, 2004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Roh, H. D., Lee, H., and Park, Y.-B., “Structural Health Monitoring of Carbon-Material-Reinforced Polymers Using Electrical Resistance Measurement,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Tech., Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 311–321, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Li, D., Ho, S.-C. M., Song, G., Ren, L., and Li, H., “A Review of Damage Detection Methods for Wind Turbine Blades,” Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 24, No. 3, Paper No. 033001, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Wei, L., Zhou, Z.-D., Huang, J., and Tan, Y.-G., “FBG-Based Non-Contact Vibration Measurement and Experimental Study,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 14, No. 9, pp. 1577–1581, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Di Sante, R., “Fibre Optic Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Aircraft Composite Structures: Recent Advances and Applications,” Sensors, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 18666–18713, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Nicolas, M. J., Sullivan, R. W., and Richards, W. L., “Large Scale Applications Using FBG Sensors: Determination of in-Flight Loads and Shape of a Composite Aircraft Wing,” Aerospace, Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 18, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Kang, D., Kim, H.-Y., Kim, D.-H., and Park, S., “Thermal Characteristics of FBG Sensors at Cryogenic Temperatures for Structural Health Monitoring,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 5–9, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Li, T., Tan, Y., Han, X., Zheng, K., and Zhou, Z., “Diaphragm Based Fiber Bragg Grating Acceleration Sensor with Temperature Compensation,” Sensors, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 218, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Jia, P., Fang, G., Liang, T., Hong, Y., Tan, Q., et al., “Temperature-Compensated Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Interferometric Gas Refractive-Index Sensor Based on Hollow Silica Tube for High-Temperature Application,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 244, pp. 226–232, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Sun, G., Cen, Y., Zhao, L., Wei, C., and Chung, Y., “Combined Sagnac and Intermodal Interferences for Discrimination of Strain and Temperature Variations,” Proc. of the 25th International Conference in Optical Fiber Sensors, pp. 1–4, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Zaghloul, M., Wang, M., Li, M.-J., Li, S., Milione, G., et al., “Dual-Core Optical Fibers for Simultaneous Measurements of Temperature and Strain Using Brillouin OTDA,” Proc. of the Conference in Lasers and Electro-Optics, pp. 1–2, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Barrias, A., Casas, J. R., and Villalba, S., “A Review of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors for Civil Engineering Applications,” Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 5, p. 748, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Horta, A., Malone, B., Stockmann, U., Minasny, B., Bishop, T., et al., “Potential of Integrated Field Spectroscopy and Spatial Analysis for Enhanced Assessment of Soil Contamination: A Prospective Review,” Geoderma, Vol. 241, pp. 180–209, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Sun, T., Fang, H., Liu, W., and Ye, Y., “Impact of Water Background on Canopy Reflectance Anisotropy of A Paddy Rice Field from Multi-Angle Measurements,” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 233, pp. 143–152, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Martins, B. H., Araujo-Junior, C. F., Miyazawa, M., Vieira, K. M., and Milori, D. M., “Soil Organic Matter Quality and Weed Diversity in Coffee Plantation Area Submitted to Weed Control and Cover Crops Management,” Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 153, pp. 169–174, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Poggio, M., Brown, D. J., and Bricklemyer, R. S., “Laboratory-Based Evaluation of Optical Performance for A New Soil Penetrometer Visible and Near-Infrared (VisNIR) Foreoptic,” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 115, pp. 12–20, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. Senesi, G. S., Martin-Neto, L., Villas-Boas, P. R., Nicolodelli, G., and Milori, D. M., “Laser-Based Spectroscopic Methods to Evaluate the Humification Degree of Soil Organic Matter in whole Soils: A Review,” Journal of Soils and Sediments, pp. 1–11, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Bense, V., Read, T., and Verhoef, A., “Using Distributed Temperature Sensing to Monitor Field Scale Dynamics of Ground Surface Temperature and Related Substrate Heat Flux,” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 220, pp. 207–215, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Zhang, C.-C., Zhu, H.-H., and Shi, B., “Role of the Interface between Distributed Fibre Optic Strain Sensor and Soil in Ground Deformation Measurement,” Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Paper No. 36469, 2016.

  173. Dooly, G., Manap, H., O’Keeffe, S., and Lewis, E., “Highly Selective Optical Fibre Ammonia Sensor for Use in Agriculture,” Procedia Engineering, Vol. 25, pp. 1113–1116, 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Laubach, J., Bai, M., Pinares-Patiño, C. S., Phillips, F. A., Naylor, T. A., et al., “Accuracy of Micrometeorological Techniques for Detecting a Change in Methane Emissions from a Herd of Cattle,” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 176, pp. 50–63, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Huang, Y., Wieck, L., and Tao, S., “Development and Evaluation of Optical Fiber NH 3 Sensors for Application in Air Quality Monitoring,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 66, pp. 1–7, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Goh, L. S., Anoda, Y., Kazuhiro, W., and Shinomiya, N., “Remote Management for Multipoint Sensing Systems Using Hetero-Core Spliced Optical Fiber Sensors,” Sensors, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 468–477, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Tapetado, A., Díaz-Álvarez, J., Miguélez, M. H., and Vázquez, C., “Two-Color Pyrometer for Process Temperature Measurement during Machining,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 1380–1386, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. Díaz-Álvarez, J., Tapetado, A., Vázquez, C., and Miguélez, H., “Temperature Measurement and Numerical Prediction in Machining Inconel 718,” Sensors, Vol. 17, No. 7, p. 1531, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Tapetado, A., Díaz-Álvarez, J., Miguélez, H., and Vázquez, C., “Fiber-Optic Pyrometer for Very Localized Temperature Measurements in a Turning Process,” IEEE Journal of selected topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 278–283, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Mandal, S., Roy, S., Chatterjee, K., Haldar, S., Vijay, V., et al., “Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Cutting Speed Optimization and Burr Reduction in Micro-Nano Scratching,” Procedia Technology, Vol. 19, pp. 327–332, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Yao, S., Xu, J., Zhao, J., Bai, K., Lu, J., et al., “Characterization of Fly Ash Laser-Induced Plasma for Improving the On-Line Measurement of Unburned Carbon in Gas-Solid Flow,” Energy & Fuels, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 4681–4686, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Wu, J., Wang, R., Pu, G., and Qi, H., “Integrated Assessment of Exergy, Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in an Iron and Steel Industrial Network,” Applied Energy, Vol. 183, pp. 430–444, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. Hunsinger, G. B., Tipple, C. A., and Stern, L. A., “Gaseous Byproducts from High-Temperature Thermal Conversion Elemental Analysis of Nitrogen-and Sulfur-Bearing Compounds with Considerations for δ2H and δ18O Analyses,” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 27, No. 14, pp. 1649–1659, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. Pospíšilová, M., Kuncová, G., and Trögl, J., “Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Fiber-Optic Bio-Sensors,” Sensors, Vol. 15, No. 10, pp. 25208–25259, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Tan, Y., Zhang, C., Jin, W., Yang, F., Ho, H. L., et al., “Optical Fiber Photoacoustic Gas Sensor with Graphene Nano-Mechanical Resonator as the Acoustic Detector,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 1–11, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Chen, H., Zhang, S., Fu, H., Li, H., Zhang, D., et al., “Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor Interrogation Technique Based on an Optoelectronic Oscillator,” Optical Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 031107–031107, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Xu, O., Zhang, J., Deng, H., and Yao, J., “Dual-Frequency Optoelectronic Oscillator for Thermal-Insensitive Interrogation of a FBG Strain Sensor,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 357–360, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Ertman, S., Lesiak, P., and Wolinski, T. R., “Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Sensors,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 35, No. 16, pp. 3399–3405, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Zheng, Y., Chen, L. H., Yang, J., Raghunandhan, R., Dong, X., et al., “Fiber Optic Fabry–Perot Optofluidic Sensor with a Focused Ion Beam Ablated Microslot for Fast Refractive Index and Magnetic Field Measurement,” IEEE Journal of selected topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 1–5, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Alexander Schmidt, M., Argyros, A., and Sorin, F., “Hybrid Optical Fibers–An Innovative Platform for In-Fiber Photonic Devices,” Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 13–36, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  191. Villatoro, J. and Zubia, J., “New Perspectives in Photonic Crystal Fibre Sensors,” Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 78, pp. 67–75, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea

    Hang-Eun Joe & Byung-Kwon Min

  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2088, USA

    Huitaek Yun, Seung-Hwan Jo & Martin B.G. Jun

Authors
  1. Hang-Eun Joe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Huitaek Yun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Seung-Hwan Jo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Martin B.G. Jun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Byung-Kwon Min
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Martin B.G. Jun or Byung-Kwon Min.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Joe, HE., Yun, H., Jo, SH. et al. A review on optical fiber sensors for environmental monitoring. Int. J. of Precis. Eng. and Manuf.-Green Tech. 5, 173–191 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0017-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0017-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation