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Drug Resistance During HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

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Abstract

Clinical studies have demonstrated that use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with or without emtricitabine as antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can decrease the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition when medication adherence is high. However, the potential for PrEP to promote antiretroviral resistance remains an important public health consideration. We performed a search of the medical literature to identify studies that address HIV drug resistance during PrEP use. In this review, we summarize findings about emergent drug resistance during clinical trials of PrEP, case reports of seroconversions in patients adherent to PrEP, and animal studies of PrEP effectiveness against drug-resistant viral strains. We also discuss the potential utility of novel PrEP formulations for protection against drug-resistant HIV, the impact of drug resistance on HIV treatment options, and mathematical models that estimate the potential contribution of PrEP to population-level drug resistance. Evidence suggests that selection for HIV drug resistance with PrEP use is infrequent and most likely to occur when PrEP is used during undiagnosed acute HIV infection. Breakthrough infections during PrEP use with high adherence are possible, but appear to be rare. The prevalence of drug-resistant HIV strains needs to be monitored as PrEP is scaled up. However, the benefit of a decreased HIV incidence with wider PrEP use is likely to outweigh the risk of harms from possible increases in the prevalence of HIV drug resistance.

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Author notes

  1. Kevin M. Gibas and Polly van den Berg contributed equally to the work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis St. W/LMOB, Suite GB, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Kevin M. Gibas, Polly van den Berg, Victoria E. Powell & Douglas S. Krakower

  2. The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Douglas S. Krakower

  3. Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Douglas S. Krakower

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  1. Kevin M. Gibas
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Correspondence to Douglas S. Krakower.

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Funding

This article was made possible with help from the Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), a National Institutes of Health-funded program (P30 AI060354).

Conflict of interest

Douglas S. Krakower has conducted studies funded by research grants to his institution from Gilead Sciences and has been compensated to author or present continuing medical education materials for Medscape, MED-IQ, DKBmed, and UptoDate, Inc. Kevin M. Gibas, Polly van den Berg, and Victoria E. Powell have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

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Gibas, K.M., van den Berg, P., Powell, V.E. et al. Drug Resistance During HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. Drugs 79, 609–619 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-01108-x

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