Abstract
The cost of the agricultural sensors is one of the significant issues in smart farming economics. A minimal number of wireless sensor nodes have to be deployed in a field for smart farming without sacrificing coverage area to reduce the cost. Further reduction of cost, the lifetime of the sensor nodes has to be increased by using an energy-efficient algorithm or some other techniques. Accordingly, an appropriate node deployment scheme combined with an energy-efficient routing algorithm can reduce the complexity of problems, such as routing, network communication, and data aggregation by minimising the number of sensors needed in an agricultural field. The multiple-input multiple-output technique is used to enhance the data rate of sensors by reducing fading effects and interference. A trusty worthy model is also considered here to secure the routing protocol by isolating the malicious nodes. This paper investigates various deployment schemes to reduce the number of sensors used in an agricultural field and improve the lifetime of the sensor nodes by utilising a bioinspired energy-efficient protocol. Specifically, an artificial bee colony-based energy-efficient multiple-input multiple-output routing protocol with a trust model is considered with various deployment schemes for smart agriculture. The simulation results reveal that the proposed method reduces the investment cost on sensors by minimising the sensors used and enhancing the sensors' lifetime.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 32071895); the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (nos. 2019A050510045, 2019B020216001, and 2020B1515120070); the Rural Revitalization Strategy Project of Guangdong Province, China (no. 2019KJ138); the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou, China (nos. 202002020063 and 202007040007); and the Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China (no. 2018ZJUGP001).
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Dananjayan, S., Zhuang, J., Tang, Y. et al. Wireless sensor deployment scheme for cost-effective smart farming using the ABC-TEEM algorithm. Evolving Systems 14, 567–579 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12530-021-09412-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12530-021-09412-2