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Use of Hill Shape with Various Nitrogen Timing Splits to Improve Fertilizer Use Efficiency

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Abstract

The efficient use of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is critical for potato production in regions with sandy soils as concerns for groundwater contamination have become more apparent. The interactive effects of different hill shapes and distribution of in-season N fertilizer applications at various timings were evaluated in a 3-year potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) field experiment on a sandy soil in central Wisconsin. A split-plot design was used with hill shape (standard, shaped-plateau, or pointed) as the main plots and 202 kg N ha−1 divided into two, three, or four applications as the split plots. Broader, flatter hills provided tuber yield increases of 7 to 10 %, tuber size and grade improvements of 8 to 25 %, and increased tuber N uptake an average of 22 % in some years; however, post-emergence hilling operations negatively affected yield and tuber size and grade out in 1 of 2 years. Splitting the N into three in-season applications (emergence, early tuberization, and tuberization + 20 days) increased tuber yield by about 4 % or tuber size by 19 % in years where rain increased leaching potential on this sandy soil, but further splitting increased the proportion of small tubers that passed a 5.1-cm screen. This study confirmed that more blocky-shaped hills with only one hilling operation at emergence can significantly benefit potato yield and quality, and fertilizer N use efficiency on these sandy soils.

Resumen

El uso eficiente de fertilizante nitrogenado (N) es crítico para la producción de papa en regiones con suelos arenosos, a medida que se ha vuelto más aparente la preocupación sobre la contaminación del agua del suelo. Se evaluaron los efectos interactivos de diferentes formas del surco y la distribución de las aplicaciones del fertilizante nitrogenado en el ciclo del cultivo en varios tiempos en un experimento de campo de tres años en papa (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Russet Burbank) en un suelo arenoso en el centro de Wisconsin. Se usó un diseño de parcelas divididas con la forma del surco (normal, surco aplanado o en punta) como parcelas principales y 202 Kg N ha−1 divididos en dos, tres, o cuatro aplicaciones como las parcelas divididas. Los surcos mas anchos, aplanados, arrojaron incrementos en el rendimiento de tubérculos de 7 a 10 %, mejoras en el tamaño del tubérculo y en su calidad de 8 a 25 %, y aumento en la absorción del N por el tubérculo en un promedio de 22 % en algunos años; no obstante, las operaciones de aporque de post-emergencia afectaron negativamente el rendimiento y el tamaño y calidad de tubérculo en uno de dos años. La división en tres aplicaciones del N en el ciclo (emergencia, inicio de la tuberización y 20 días después) aumentó el rendimiento de tubérculo en cerca del 4 % o en su tamaño en 19 % en años donde la lluvia aumentó el potencial de lixiviación en este suelo arenoso, pero la división en más aplicaciones aumentó la proporción de tubérculos pequeños que pasaron por la malla de 5.1 cm. Este estudio confirmó que más surcos en forma de bloques con una sola operación de aporque a la emergencia pueden beneficiar significativamente el rendimiento y calidad de la papa y la eficiencia en el uso del fertilizante nitrogenado en estos suelos arenosos.

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Acknowledgments

Support for portions of this research was provided by the Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association Potato Industry Board, the Wisconsin Fertilizer Research Council, and UW College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, and is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Keith A. Kelling, Francisco J. Arriaga, Birl Lowery, Marian O. Jordan & Phillip E. Speth

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  1. Keith A. Kelling
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Correspondence to Keith A. Kelling.

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Kelling, K.A., Arriaga, F.J., Lowery, B. et al. Use of Hill Shape with Various Nitrogen Timing Splits to Improve Fertilizer Use Efficiency. Am. J. Potato Res. 92, 71–78 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-014-9413-9

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