Abstract
Pen-based interaction is well adapted for writing down information in a mobile context. However, there is a lack of software taking advantage of this interaction process to design technical documents in constrained environments. This is because sketch interpretation is a complex research problem and good performances are required to design industrial software. The first contribution of this article is to show how “on-the-fly” interpretation is a viable approach to design robust and efficient sketch interpretation systems. With this process, the system interprets each stroke after its drawing and produces a visual feedback to the user. The interaction with the user is then strongly taken into account to get pertinent information and better interpret the document. Moreover, on-the-fly interpretation opens a large panel of possibilities to design accurate documents, such as contextual help, complex layout reproduction, etc. Of course, such a process has several requirements to be usable in practice, for example to avoid disturbing the user with inconsistent feedback. The second contribution of this paper is a set of strategies, based on grammatical modeling and pattern recognition, to face these needs. We present two industrial pen-based software that are based on the principles we present in this article. One of them, dedicated to architectural floor-plan design, as not been presented previously.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almaksour A, Anquetil E, Quiniou S, Cheriet M (2010) Personalizable pen-based interface using lifelong learning. In: Proceedings of the international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR’10)
Alvarado C, Davis R (2004) Sketchread: a multi-domain sketch recognition engine. In: Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology (UIST’04), pp 23–32
Anstice J, Bell T, Cockburn A, Setchell M (1996) The design of a pen-based musical input system. In: Proceedings of the sixth Australian conference on computer-human interaction (OzChi’96), pp 260–267
Blostein D, Lank E, Rose A, Zanibbi R (2001) User interfaces for on-line diagram recognition. In: Selected papers from the fourth international workshop on graphics recognition algorithms and applications. LNCS, vol 2390. Springer, Berlin, pp 93–103
Caetano A, Goulart N, Fonseca M, Jorge J (2002) Javasketchit: Issues in sketching the look of user interfaces. In: Proceedings of the AAAI spring symposium on sketch understanding (SSSU’02)
Chen Q, Grundy J, Hosking J (2003) An e-whiteboard application to support early design-stage sketching of uml diagrams. In: Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE symposium on human centric computing languages and environments, pp 219–226
Chok SS, Marriott K (2003) Automatic generation of intelligent diagram editors. ACM Trans Comput-Hum Interact 10(3):244–276
Costagliola G, Deufemia V, Risi M (2005) Sketch grammars: A formalism for describing and recognizing diagrammatic sketch languages. In: Proceedings of the eighth international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR’05), Seoul, Korea, pp 1226–1231
Coyette A, Kieffer S, Vanderdonckt J (2007) Multi-fidelity prototyping of user interfaces. In: INTERACT 2007. LNCS, vol 4662. Springer, Berlin, pp 150–164. Part I
Donaldson AF, Williamson A (2005) Pen-based unput of uml activity diagrams for business process modelling. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on improving and assessing pen-based input techniques
Evodia (2010) http://www.evodia.fr
Feng G, Viard-Gaudin C, Sun Z (2009) On-line hand-drawn electric circuit diagram recognition using 2d dynamic programming. Pattern Recognit 42:3215–3223
Forsberg A, Dieterich M, Zeleznik R (1998) The music notepad. In: ACM symposium on user interface software and technology, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp 203–210
Fujiyama K, Iizuka K, Tanaka J (1999) Vic: Cmg input system using example figures. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on future software technology, Nanjing, China, pp 67–72
Gennari L, Kara LB, Stahovich TF, Shimada K (2005) Combining geometry and domain knowledge to interpret hand-drawn diagrams. Comput Graph 29(4):547–562
Gross MD (1996) The electronic cocktail napkin—a computational environment for working with design diagrams. Des Stud 17:53–69
Hall A, Pomm C, Widmayer P (2007) A combinatorial approach to multi-domain sketch recognition. In: EUROGRAPHICS workshop on sketch-based interfaces and modelling (SBIM’07)
Hammond T, Davis R (2005) Ladder, a sketching language for user interface developers. Comput Graph 29(4):518–532
Jorge JA, Glinert EP (1995) Online parsing of visual languages using adjacency grammars. In: Proceedings of the eleventh international IEEE symposium on visual languages. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, pp 250–257
Kara LB, Stahovich TF (2004) Hierarchical parsing and recognition of hand-sketched diagrams. In: Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology (UIST’04), pp 13–22
Kim DH, Kim MJ (2006) A curvature estimation for pen input segmentation in sketch-based modeling. Comput Aided Des 36(3):238–248
Kurtoglu T, Stahovich TF (2002) Interpreting schematic sketches using physical reasoning. In: Proceedings of the AAAI spring symposium on sketch understanding (SSSU’02), Palo Alto, CA, USA, pp 78–85
Landay JA, Myers BA (2001) Sketching interfaces: Toward more human interface design. Computer 34(3):56–64
Lank E, Thorley JS, Chen S, Blostein D (2001) On-line recognition of uml diagrams. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR’01), Seattle, USA, pp 356–360
Macé S, Anquetil E (2009) Eager interpretation of on-line hand-drawn structured documents: the Dali methodology. Pattern Recognit 42(12):3202–3214
Macé S, Anquetil E, Bossis B (2007) Pen-based interaction for intuitive music composition and editing. In: Shen J, Shepherd J, Cui B, Liu L (eds) Intelligent music information systems: tools and methodologies, Idea Group, pp 261–288
Mankoff J, Hudson SE, Abowd GD (2000) Oops: a toolkit supporting mediation techniques for resolving ambiguity in recognition-based interfaces. Comput Graph 24(6):819–834
Marriott K (1994) Constrain multiset grammars. In: Proceedings of the IEEE symposium on visual languages (VL’94), St Louis, MO, USA, pp 118–125
Marriott K, Meyer B, Wittenburg K (1998) A survey of visual language specification and recognition. In: Marriott K, Meyer B (eds) Theory of visual languages. Springer, Berlin
Mas J, Sánchez G, Lladós J, Lamiroy B (2007) An incremental on-line parsing algorithm for recognizing sketching diagrams. In: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR’07), Curitiba, Brazil, pp 452–456
Mas J, Lladós J, Sánchez G, Jorge JA (2010) A syntactic approach based on distortion-tolerant adjacency grammars and a spatial-directed parser to interpret sketched diagrams. Pattern Recognit 43:4148–4164
Miyao H, Maruyama M (2007) An online handwritten music symbol recognition system. Int J Doc Anal Recognit 9(1):49–58
Mouchère H, Anquetil E (2006) A unified strategy to deal with different natures of reject. In: Proceedings of the international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR’06), Hong Kong, China, pp 792–795
Nakagawa M, Machii K, Kato N, Souya T (1993) Lazy recognition as a principle of pen interfaces. In: Proceedings of the conference companion on human factors in computing systems (INTERACT’93 and CHI’93), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 89–90
Plimmer B, Apperley M (2003) Software to sketch interface designs. In: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on human-computer interaction (INTERACT’03), Zürich, Switzerland, pp 73–80
Sezgin TM, Davis R (2007) Sketch interpretation using multiscale models of temporal patterns. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 27(1):28–37
Sezgin TM, Stahovich T, Davis R (2001) Sketch based interfaces: Early processing for sketch understanding. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques (ICCGIT’01), San Diego, California, USA, pp 37–44
Shilman M, Pasula H, Russell S, Newton R (2002) Statistical visual language models for ink parsing. In: AAAI spring 2002 symposium on sketch understanding
Thimbleby W (2004) A novel pen-based calculator and its evaluation. In: Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on human-computer interaction, Tempere, Finland, pp 445–448
Valois JP, Cote M, Cheriet M (2001) Online recognition of sketched electrical diagrams. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR’01), Seattle, USA, pp 460–464
Zadeh LA (1994) Soft computing and fuzzy logic. IEEE Softw 11(6):48–56
Zhao R (1993) Incremental recognition in gesture-based and syntax-directed diagram editors. In: Proceedings of the INTERACT ’93 and CHI ’93 conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI’93), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 95–100
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Macé, S., Anquetil, E. Exploiting on-the-fly interpretation to design technical documents in a mobile context. J Multimodal User Interfaces 4, 129–145 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-011-0058-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-011-0058-4