Abstract
Cold tumors lack antitumor immunity and are resistant to therapy, representing a major challenge in cancer medicine. Because of the immunosuppressive spirit of the tumor microenvironment (TME), this form of tumor has a low response to immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and also chemotherapy. Cold tumors have low infiltration of immune cells and a high expression of co-inhibitory molecules, such as immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive molecules. Therefore, targeting TME and remodeling immunity in cold tumors can improve the chance of tumor repression after therapy. However, tumor stroma prevents the infiltration of inflammatory cells and hinders the penetration of diverse molecules and drugs. Nanoparticles are an intriguing tool for the delivery of immune modulatory agents and shifting cold to hot tumors. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the ability of nanoparticles loaded with different drugs and products to modulate TME and enhance immune cell infiltration. We also focus on newest progresses in the design and development of nanoparticle-based strategies for changing cold to hot tumors. These include the use of nanoparticles for targeted delivery of immunomodulatory agents, such as cytokines, small molecules, and checkpoint inhibitors, and for co-delivery of chemotherapy drugs and immunomodulatory agents. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of nanoparticles for enhancing the efficacy of cancer vaccines and cell therapy for overcoming resistance to treatment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and/or Code availability
No new data generated.
References
O’Neill RE, Cao X. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in cancer immunotherapy. Adv Cancer Res. 2019;143:145–94.
Zhang J, Shi Z, Xu X, Yu Z, Mi J. The influence of microenvironment on tumor immunotherapy. FEBS J. 2019;286(21):4160–75.
Zhang J, Huang D, Saw PE, Song E. Turning cold tumors hot: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Trends Immunol. 2022;43(7):523–45.
Bonaventura P, Shekarian T, Alcazer V, Valladeau-Guilemond J, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Amigorena S, et al. Cold tumors: a therapeutic challenge for immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2019;10:168.
Wang M, Wang S, Desai J, Trapani JA, Neeson PJ. Therapeutic strategies to remodel immunologically cold tumors. Clin Transl Immunol. 2020;9(12):e1226.
Banu SPNS, Narayan S. Biomaterial based nanocarriers for delivering immunomodulatory agents. Nanomed Res J. 2021;6(3):195–217.
Park W, Heo Y-J, Han DK. New opportunities for nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. Biomater Res. 2018;22:1–10.
Fontana F, Liu D, Hirvonen J, Santos HA. Delivery of therapeutics with nanoparticles: what’s new in cancer immunotherapy? Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2017;9(1):e1421.
Lee MS, Dees EC, Wang AZ. Nanoparticle-delivered chemotherapy: old drugs in new packages. Oncology (Williston Park). 2017;31(3):198–208.
Chidambaram M, Manavalan R, Kathiresan K. Nanotherapeutics to overcome conventional cancer chemotherapy limitations. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;14(1):67–77.
Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wei F, Lian Y, Wu Y, et al. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer. 2017;8(5):761.
Lyssiotis CA, Kimmelman AC. Metabolic interactions in the tumor microenvironment. Trends Cell Biol. 2017;27(11):863–75.
Mohme M, Riethdorf S, Pantel K. Circulating and disseminated tumour cells—mechanisms of immune surveillance and escape. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14(3):155–67.
Chow MT, Möller A, Smyth MJ, editors (2012) Inflammation and immune surveillance in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol: Elsevier.
Fearon DT. The carcinoma-associated fibroblast expressing fibroblast activation protein and escape from immune surveillance. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2(3):187–93.
Denton AE, Roberts EW, Fearon DT. Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. Stromal Immunol. 2018;1060:99–114.
Lambrechts D, Wauters E, Boeckx B, Aibar S, Nittner D, Burton O, et al. Phenotype molding of stromal cells in the lung tumor microenvironment. Nat Med. 2018;24(8):1277–89.
Gajewski TF, Schreiber H, Fu Y-X. Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(10):1014–22.
Fu C, Jiang A. Dendritic cells and CD8 T cell immunity in tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2018;9:3059.
Hadrup S, Donia M, Thor SP. Effector CD4 and CD8 T cells and their role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Microenviron. 2013;6:123–33.
Xie Q, Ding J, Chen Y. Role of CD8+ T lymphocyte cells: Interplay with stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2021;11(6):1365–78.
Fricke I, Gabrilovich DI. Dendritic cells and tumor microenvironment: a dangerous liaison. Immunol Invest. 2006;35(3–4):459–83.
Wicherska-Pawłowska K, Wróbel T, Rybka J. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) in innate immunity TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs ligands as immunotherapeutic agents for hematopoietic diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(24):13397.
Liu Z, Han C, Fu Y-X. Targeting innate sensing in the tumor microenvironment to improve immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17(1):13–26.
Verneau J, Sautés-Fridman C, Sun C-M. Dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment: prognostic and theranostic impact. Semin Immunol. 2020;48:101410.
Vitale M, Cantoni C, Pietra G, Mingari MC, Moretta L. Effect of tumor cells and tumor microenvironment on NK-cell function. Eur J Immunol. 2014;44(6):1582–92.
Myers JA, Schirm D, Bendzick L, Hopps R, Selleck C, Hinderlie P, et al. Balanced engagement of activating and inhibitory receptors mitigates human NK cell exhaustion. JCI insight. 2022;7(15):e150079.
Tallerico R, Todaro M, Di Franco S, Maccalli C, Garofalo C, Sottile R, et al. Human NK cells selective targeting of colon cancer–initiating cells: a role for natural cytotoxicity receptors and MHC class I molecules. J Immunol. 2013;190(5):2381–90.
Wörmann S, Diakopoulos K, Lesina M, Algül H. The immune network in pancreatic cancer development and progression. Oncogene. 2014;33(23):2956–67.
Harden JL, Egilmez NK. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and dendritic cell tolerogenicity. Immunol Invest. 2012;41(6–7):738–64. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820139.2012.676122.
Tanaka A, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T cells in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Res. 2017;27(1):109–18.
Giannotta C, Autino F, Massaia M. The immune suppressive tumor microenvironment in multiple myeloma: the contribution of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Front Immunol. 2023;13:1102471.
Sionov RV, Fridlender ZG, Granot Z. The multifaceted roles neutrophils play in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Microenviron. 2015;8:125–58.
Genin M, Clement F, Fattaccioli A, Raes M, Michiels C. M1 and M2 macrophages derived from THP-1 cells differentially modulate the response of cancer cells to etoposide. BMC Cancer. 2015;15(1):1–14.
Keeley T, Costanzo-Garvey DL, Cook LM. Unmasking the many faces of tumor-associated neutrophils and macrophages: considerations for targeting innate immune cells in cancer. Trends in cancer. 2019;5(12):789–98.
Viallard C, Larrivée B. Tumor angiogenesis and vascular normalization: alternative therapeutic targets. Angiogenesis. 2017;20(4):409–26.
Muz B, de la Puente P, Azab F, Kareem AA. The role of hypoxia in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Hypoxia. 2015;3:83–92.
Kumar V, Gabrilovich DI. Hypoxia-inducible factors in regulation of immune responses in tumour microenvironment. Immunology. 2014;143(4):512–9.
Taylor S, Spugnini EP, Assaraf YG, Azzarito T, Rauch C, Fais S. Microenvironment acidity as a major determinant of tumor chemoresistance: proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as a novel therapeutic approach. Drug Resist Updates. 2015;23:69–78.
Tomaszewski W, Sanchez-Perez L, Gajewski TF, Sampson JH. Brain tumor microenvironment and host state: implications for immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(14):4202–10.
Zhang S, Kohli K, Black RG, Yao L, Spadinger SM, He Q, et al. Systemic interferon-γ increases MHC class I expression and T-cell infiltration in cold tumors: results of a phase 0 clinical trial. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019;7(8):1237–43.
Mirlekar B. Tumor promoting roles of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-35: Its implications in cancer immunotherapy. SAGE Open Med. 2022;10:20503121211069012.
Zhang Y, Guan X-Y, Jiang P. Cytokine and chemokine signals of T-cell exclusion in tumors. Front Immunol. 2020;11:594609.
Popovic A, Jaffee EM, Zaidi N. Emerging strategies for combination checkpoint modulators in cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Investig. 2018;128(8):3209–18.
Mortezaee K. Immune escape: a critical hallmark in solid tumors. Life Sci. 2020;258:118110.
Mu Q, Najafi M. Resveratrol for targeting the tumor microenvironment and its interactions with cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;98:107895.
Pelly VS, Moeini A, Roelofsen LM, Bonavita E, Bell CR, Hutton C, et al. Anti-inflammatory drugs remodel the tumor immune environment to enhance immune checkpoint blockade efficacy. Cancer Discov. 2021;11(10):2602–19.
Tekpli X, Lien T, Røssevold AH, Nebdal D, Borgen E, Ohnstad HO, et al. An independent poor-prognosis subtype of breast cancer defined by a distinct tumor immune microenvironment. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5499.
Vasan N, Baselga J, Hyman DM. A view on drug resistance in cancer. Nature. 2019;575(7782):299–309.
Rezaei M, Danilova ND, Soltani M, Savvateeva LV, Tarasov VV, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, et al. Cancer vaccine in cold tumors: clinical landscape, challenges, and opportunities. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2022;22(6):437–53.
Runcie KD, Dallos MC. Prostate cancer immunotherapy—finally in from the cold? Curr Oncol Rep. 2021;23(8):88.
De Nunzio C, Andriole GL, Thompson IM Jr, Freedland SJ. Smoking and prostate cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol Focus. 2015;1(1):28–38.
Tian M, Ma W, Chen Y, Yu Y, Zhu D, Shi J, Zhang Y. Impact of gender on the survival of patients with glioblastoma. Biosci Rep. 2018;38(6):BSR20180752.
McFarlane T, Zajac JD, Cheung AS. Gender-affirming hormone therapy and the risk of sex hormone-dependent tumours in transgender individuals—a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018;89(6):700–11.
Allegra A, Caserta S, Genovese S, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Gender differences in oxidative stress in relation to cancer susceptibility and survival. Antioxidants. 2023;12(6):1255.
Galon J, Bruni D. Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18(3):197–218.
Kather JN, Suarez-Carmona M, Charoentong P, Weis C-A, Hirsch D, Bankhead P, et al. Topography of cancer-associated immune cells in human solid tumors. Elife. 2018;7:e36967.
Bernatchez C, Haymaker C, Tannir NM, Kluger H, Tetzlaff M, Bentebibel SE, et al. A CD122-biased agonist increases CD8+ T Cells and natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment; making cold tumors hot with NKTR-214. Cough. 2016;5(1):3.
Wargo JA, Reddy SM, Reuben A, Sharma P. Monitoring immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016;41:23–31.
Burkholder B, Huang R-Y, Burgess R, Luo S, Jones VS, Zhang W, et al. (2014) Tumor-induced perturbations of cytokines and immune cell networks. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Revi Cancer. 1845;2:182–201.
De Guillebon E, Dardenne A, Saldmann A, Séguier S, Tran T, Paolini L, et al. Beyond the concept of cold and hot tumors for the development of novel predictive biomarkers and the rational design of immunotherapy combination. Int J Cancer. 2020;147(6):1509–18.
Fan H, Shi Y, Wang H, Li Y, Mei J, Xu J, Liu C. GBP5 identifies immuno-hot tumors and predicts the therapeutic response to immunotherapy in NSCLC. Int J General Med. 2023;16:1757–69.
Li X, Luo L, Jiang M, Zhu C, Shi Y, Zhang J, et al. Cocktail strategy for ‘cold’tumors therapy via active recruitment of CD8+ T cells and enhancing their function. J Control Release. 2021;334:413–26.
Zhao Z, Liu H, Zhou X, Fang D, Ou X, Ye J, et al. Necroptosis-related lncRNAs: predicting prognosis and the distinction between the cold and hot tumors in gastric cancer. J Oncol. 2021;2021:6718443.
O’Connor JP, Rose CJ, Waterton JC, Carano RA, Parker GJ, Jackson A. Imaging intratumor heterogeneity: role in therapy response, resistance, and clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(2):249–57.
Wang L, Geng H, Liu Y, Liu L, Chen Y, Wu F, et al. Hot and cold tumors: immunological features and the therapeutic strategies. MedComm. 2023;4(5):e343.
Nassar KW, Tan AC. The mutational landscape of mucosal melanoma. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020;61:139–48.
O’Brien SM, Klampatsa A, Thompson JC, Martinez MC, Hwang W-T, Rao AS, et al. Function of human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in early-stage non–small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019;7(6):896–909.
Lazdun Y, Si H, Creasy T, Ranade K, Higgs BW, Streicher K, Durham NM. A new pipeline to predict and confirm tumor neoantigens predict better response to immune checkpoint blockade. Mol Cancer Res. 2021;19(3):498–506.
Gameiro SF, Evans AM, Mymryk JS. The tumor immune microenvironments of HPV+ and HPV−head and neck cancers. WIREs Mechanisms of Disease. 2022;14(2):e1539.
Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR. Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2011;30:222–8.
Ernst SM, Mankor JM, van Riet J, von der Thüsen JH, Dubbink HJ, Aerts JG, et al. Tobacco smoking-related mutational signatures in classifying smoking-associated and nonsmoking-associated NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2023;18(4):487–98.
Farling KB. Bladder cancer: risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Nurse Pract. 2017;42(3):26–33.
Gormley M, Creaney G, Schache A, Ingarfield K, Conway DI. Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors. Br Dent J. 2022;233(9):780–6.
Schwartz MR, Luo L, Berwick M. Sex differences in melanoma. Current Epidemiol Rep. 2019;6:112–8.
Frega S, Ferro A, Bonanno L, Guarneri V, Conte P, Pasello G. Sex-based heterogeneity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): a narrative review. Precision Cancer Medi. 2021;4:100251.
Gul ZG, Liaw CW, Mehrazin R. Gender differences in incidence, diagnosis, treatments, and outcomes in clinically localized bladder and renal cancer. Urology. 2021;151:176–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2020.05.067.
Park J-O, Nam I-C, Kim C-S, Park S-J, Lee D-H, Kim H-B, et al. Sex Differences in the prevalence of head and neck cancers: a 10-year follow-up study of 10 million healthy people. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(10):2521.
Liu J, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhao W, Wu J, Zhang Z. PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in tumor immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:731798.
Toor SM, Nair VS, Decock J, Elkord E. Immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020;65:1–12.
Giannone G, Ghisoni E, Genta S, Scotto G, Tuninetti V, Turinetto M, Valabrega G. Immuno-metabolism and microenvironment in cancer: key players for immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(12):4414.
Chyuan I-T, Chu C-L, Hsu P-N. Targeting the tumor microenvironment for improving therapeutic effectiveness in cancer immunotherapy: focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination therapies. Cancers. 2021;13(6):1188.
Ma Y, Conforti R, Aymeric L, Locher C, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. How to improve the immunogenicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2011;30:71–82.
Galassi C, Klapp V, Yamazaki T, Galluzzi L. Molecular determinants of immunogenic cell death elicited by radiation therapy. Immunol Rev. 2023;321:20–32.
Wang Q, Ju X, Wang J, Fan Y, Ren M, Zhang H. Immunogenic cell death in anticancer chemotherapy and its impact on clinical studies. Cancer Lett. 2018;438:17–23.
Fabian KP, Kowalczyk JT, Reynolds ST, Hodge JW. Dying of stress: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and small-molecule inhibitors in immunogenic cell death and immunogenic modulation. Cells. 2022;11(23):3826.
Ludgate CM. Optimizing cancer treatments to induce an acute immune response: radiation Abscopal effects, PAMPs, and DAMPs. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(17):4522–5.
Garg AD, Agostinis P. Cell death and immunity in cancer: from danger signals to mimicry of pathogen defense responses. Immunol Rev. 2017;280(1):126–48.
Nkune NW, Simelane NWN, Montaseri H, Abrahamse H. Photodynamic therapy-mediated immune responses in three-dimensional tumor models. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23):12618.
Li W, Yang J, Luo L, Jiang M, Qin B, Yin H, et al. Targeting photodynamic and photothermal therapy to the endoplasmic reticulum enhances immunogenic cancer cell death. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3349.
Panzarini E, Inguscio V, Dini L. Immunogenic cell death: can it be exploited in photodynamic therapy for cancer? BioMed Res Int. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/482160.
Wang S-B, Zhang C, Ye J-J, Zou M-Z, Liu C-J, Zhang X-Z. Near-infrared light responsive nanoreactor for simultaneous tumor photothermal therapy and carbon monoxide-mediated anti-inflammation. ACS Cent Sci. 2020;6(4):555–65.
Lima-Sousa R, Melo BL, Alves CG, Moreira AF, Mendonça AG, Correia IJ, de Melo-Diogo D. Combining photothermal-photodynamic therapy mediated by nanomaterials with immune checkpoint blockade for metastatic cancer treatment and creation of immune memory. Adv Func Mater. 2021;31(29):2010777.
Kong C, Chen X. Combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment: a review. Int J Nanomed. 2022;17:6427.
Jurj A, Braicu C, Pop L-A, Tomuleasa C, Gherman CD, Berindan-Neagoe I. The new era of nanotechnology, an alternative to change cancer treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:2871–90.
Paul W, Sharma CP. Inorganic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Biointegr Med Implant Mater. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102680-9.00013-5.
Zhao J, Lee P, Wallace J, M, P Melancon M,. Gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy: efficacy, biodistribution, and toxicity. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(29):4240–51.
Goddard ZR, Marín MJ, Russell DA, Searcey M. Active targeting of gold nanoparticles as cancer therapeutics. Chem Soc Rev. 2020;49(23):8774–89.
Beik J, Khateri M, Khosravi Z, Kamrava SK, Kooranifar S, Ghaznavi H, Shakeri-Zadeh A. Gold nanoparticles in combinatorial cancer therapy strategies. Coord Chem Rev. 2019;387:299–324.
Fu Q, Zhang X, Song J, Yang H. Plasmonic gold nanoagents for cancer imaging and therapy. View. 2021;2(5):20200149.
Zhao S, Yu X, Qian Y, Chen W, Shen J. Multifunctional magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: an advanced platform for cancer theranostics. Theranostics. 2020;10(14):6278.
Espinosa A, Di Corato R, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Flaud P, Pellegrino T, Wilhelm C. Duality of iron oxide nanoparticles in cancer therapy: amplification of heating efficiency by magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal bimodal treatment. ACS Nano. 2016;10(2):2436–46.
Bazak R, Houri M, El Achy S, Kamel S, Refaat T. Cancer active targeting by nanoparticles: a comprehensive review of literature. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015;141:769–84.
Lappas CM. The immunomodulatory effects of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015;85:78–83.
Alyassin Y, Sayed EG, Mehta P, Ruparelia K, Arshad MS, Rasekh M, et al. Application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for chemotherapeutic agents. Drug Discov Today. 2020;25(8):1513–20.
Barkat A, Beg S, Panda SK, Alharbi KS, Rahman M, Ahmed FJ. Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles in anticancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021;69:365–75.
Sabio RM, Meneguin AB, Ribeiro TC, Silva RR, Chorilli M. New insights towards mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a technological platform for chemotherapeutic drugs delivery. Int J Pharm. 2019;564:379–409.
Rao PV, Nallappan D, Madhavi K, Rahman S, Jun Wei L, Gan SH. Phytochemicals and biogenic metallic nanoparticles as anticancer agents. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3685671.
Tu X, Ma Y, Cao Y, Huang J, Zhang M, Zhang Z. PEGylated carbon nanoparticles for efficient in vitro photothermal cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B. 2014;2(15):2184–92.
Xu G, Liu S, Niu H, Lv W. Functionalized mesoporous carbon nanoparticles for targeted chemo-photothermal therapy of cancer cells under near-infrared irradiation. RSC Adv. 2014;4(64):33986–97.
Sadeghi MS, Sangrizeh FH, Jahani N, Abedin MS, Chaleshgari S, Ardakan AK, et al. Graphene oxide nanoarchitectures in cancer therapy: drug and gene delivery, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and vaccine development. Environ Res. 2023;237:117027.
Li K, Liu B. Polymer-encapsulated organic nanoparticles for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. Chem Soc Rev. 2014;43(18):6570–97.
Lu Y, Yue Z, Xie J, Wang W, Zhu H, Zhang E, Cao Z. Micelles with ultralow critical micelle concentration as carriers for drug delivery. Nat Biomed Eng. 2018;2(5):318–25.
Chen L, Zang F, Wu H, Li J, Xie J, Ma M, et al. Using PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles to describe the EPR effect in tumor for predicting therapeutic efficacy of micelle drugs. Nanoscale. 2018;10(4):1788–97.
Khalid M, El-Sawy HS. Polymeric nanoparticles: promising platform for drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2017;528(1–2):675–91.
Wang Y, Lin Y-X, Qiao S-L, An H-W, Ma Y, Qiao Z-Y, et al. Polymeric nanoparticles promote macrophage reversal from M2 to M1 phenotypes in the tumor microenvironment. Biomaterials. 2017;112:153–63.
Duan Y, Dhar A, Patel C, Khimani M, Neogi S, Sharma P, et al. A brief review on solid lipid nanoparticles: Part and parcel of contemporary drug delivery systems. RSC Adv. 2020;10(45):26777–91.
Guimarães D, Cavaco-Paulo A, Nogueira E. Design of liposomes as drug delivery system for therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm. 2021;601:120571.
Souto EB, Baldim I, Oliveira WP, Rao R, Yadav N, Gama FM, Mahant S. SLN and NLC for topical, dermal, and transdermal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2020;17(3):357–77.
Baek J-S, Cho C-W. Controlled release and reversal of multidrug resistance by co-encapsulation of paclitaxel and verapamil in solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2015;478(2):617–24.
Wilson RJ, Li Y, Yang G, Zhao C-X. Nanoemulsions for drug delivery. Particuology. 2022;64:85–97.
Meldolesi J. Exosomes and ectosomes in intercellular communication. Curr Biol. 2018;28(8):R435–44.
Batrakova EV, Kim MS. Using exosomes, naturally-equipped nanocarriers, for drug delivery. J Control Release. 2015;219:396–405.
Kibria G, Ramos EK, Wan Y, Gius DR, Liu H. Exosomes as a drug delivery system in cancer therapy: potential and challenges. Mol Pharm. 2018;15(9):3625–33.
Kaur D, Jain K, Mehra NK, Kesharwani P, Jain NK. A review on comparative study of PPI and PAMAM dendrimers. J Nanopart Res. 2016;18:1–14.
Chauhan AS. Dendrimers for drug delivery. Molecules. 2018;23(4):938.
Zhou J, Wang G, Chen Y, Wang H, Hua Y, Cai Z. Immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy: present and emerging inducers. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(8):4854–65.
Ashrafizadeh M, Farhood B, Musa AE, Taeb S, Najafi M. The interactions and communications in tumor resistance to radiotherapy: therapy perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;87:106807.
Zhu M, Yang M, Zhang J, Yin Y, Fan X, Zhang Y, et al. Immunogenic cell death induction by ionizing radiation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:705361.
Khodamoradi E, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Amini P, Motevaseli E, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, et al. Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77:3129–59.
Liu P, Zhao L, Zitvogel L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) enhancers—Drugs that enhance the perception of ICD by dendritic cells. Immunol Rev. 2023;32:7–19.
Martins I, Wang Y, Michaud M, Ma Y, Sukkurwala A, Shen S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of ATP secretion during immunogenic cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2014;21(1):79–91.
Yahyapour R, Salajegheh A, Safari A, Amini P, Rezaeyan A, Amraee A, Najafi M. Radiation-induced non-targeted effect and carcinogenesis; implications in clinical radiotherapy. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2018;8(4):435.
Moloudi K, Khani A, Najafi M, Azmoonfar R, Azizi M, Nekounam H, et al. Critical parameters to translate gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizing agents into the clinic. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2023;15:e1886.
Maggiorella L, Barouch G, Devaux C, Pottier A, Deutsch E, Bourhis J, et al. Nanoscale radiotherapy with hafnium oxide nanoparticles. Future Oncol. 2012;8(9):1167–81.
Zhang P, Darmon A, Marill J, Mohamed Anesary N, Paris S. Radiotherapy-activated hafnium oxide nanoparticles produce abscopal effect in a mouse colorectal cancer model. Int J Nanomed. 2020;15:3843–50.
Siva S, MacManus MP, Martin RF, Martin OA. Abscopal effects of radiation therapy: a clinical review for the radiobiologist. Cancer Lett. 2015;356(1):82–90.
Grass GD, Krishna N, Kim S. The immune mechanisms of abscopal effect in radiation therapy. Curr Probl Cancer. 2016;40(1):10–24.
Bonvalot S, Le Pechoux C, De Baere T, Kantor G, Buy X, Stoeckle E, et al. First-in-human study testing a new radioenhancer using nanoparticles (NBTXR3) activated by radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(4):908–17. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-16-1297.
Bonvalot S, Rutkowski PL, Thariat J, Carrère S, Ducassou A, Sunyach M-P, et al. NBTXR3, a first-in-class radioenhancer hafnium oxide nanoparticle, plus radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with locally advanced soft-tissue sarcoma (ActInSarc): a multicentre, phase 2–3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(8):1148–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30326-2.
Vanmeerbeek I, Sprooten J, De Ruysscher D, Tejpar S, Vandenberghe P, Fucikova J, et al. Trial watch: chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death in immuno-oncology. Oncoimmunology. 2020;9(1):1703449.
Liu Z, Xu X, Liu K, Zhang J, Ding D, Fu R. Immunogenic cell death in hematological malignancy therapy. Adv Sci. 2023;10(13):2207475.
Kim D-Y, Pyo A, Yun M, Thangam R, You S-H, Zhang Y, et al. Imaging calreticulin for early detection of immunogenic cell death during anticancer treatment. J Nucl Med. 2021;62(7):956–60.
Zhao C-Y, Cheng R, Yang Z, Tian Z-M. Nanotechnology for cancer therapy based on chemotherapy. Molecules. 2018;23(4):826.
Fu L, Ma X, Liu Y, Xu Z, Sun Z. Applying nanotechnology to boost cancer immunotherapy by promoting immunogenic cell death. Chin Chem Lett. 2022;33(4):1718–28.
Duan X, Chan C, Lin W. Nanoparticle-mediated immunogenic cell death enables and potentiates cancer immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2019;58(3):670–80.
Duan X, Chan C, Lin W. Nanoparticle-mediated immunogenic cell death enables and potentiates cancer immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2019;58(3):670–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201804882.
Guo J, Yu Z, Sun D, Zou Y, Liu Y, Huang L. Two nanoformulations induce reactive oxygen species and immunogenetic cell death for synergistic chemo-immunotherapy eradicating colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer. 2021;20(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01297-0.
Liu J, Li Z, Zhao D, Feng X, Wang C, Li D, Ding J. Immunogenic cell death-inducing chemotherapeutic nanoformulations potentiate combination chemoimmunotherapy. Mater Des. 2021;202:109465.
Wang Y, Wang Z, Chen B, Yin Q, Pan M, Xia H, et al. Cooperative self-assembled nanoparticle induces sequential immunogenic cell death and toll-like receptor activation for synergistic chemo-immunotherapy. Nano Lett. 2021;21(10):4371–80. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00977.
Overchuk M, Weersink RA, Wilson BC, Zheng G. Photodynamic and photothermal therapies: synergy opportunities for nanomedicine. ACS Nano. 2023;17(9):7979–8003.
Kadkhoda J, Tarighatnia A, Barar J, Aghanejad A, Davaran S. Recent advances and trends in nanoparticles based photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;37:102697.
Bucharskaya A, Maslyakova G, Terentyuk G, Yakunin A, Avetisyan Y, Bibikova O, et al. Towards effective photothermal/photodynamic treatment using plasmonic gold nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(8):1295.
Zhang H, Zhou F, Yang Q, Huang M. Targeting the oral tumor microenvironment by nanoparticles: a review of progresses. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;91:105248.
Qin L, Wu J. Targeting anticancer immunity in oral cancer: drugs, products, and nanoparticles. Environ Res. 2023;239:116751.
Yang M, Li J, Gu P, Fan X. The application of nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy: targeting tumor microenvironment. Bioactive Mater. 2021;6(7):1973–87.
Lu H. TLR agonists for cancer immunotherapy: tipping the balance between the immune stimulatory and inhibitory effects. Front Immunol. 2014;5:83.
Chakraborty S, Ye J, Wang H, Sun M, Zhang Y, Sang X, Zhuang Z. Application of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their agonists in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1227833.
Ma F, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang C. The TLR7 agonists imiquimod and gardiquimod improve DC-based immunotherapy for melanoma in mice. Cell Mol Immunol. 2010;7(5):381–8.
Keshavarz A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cancer; with an extensive focus on TLR agonists and antagonists. IUBMB Life. 2021;73(1):10–25.
Chen X, Zhang Y, Fu Y. The critical role of Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling in cancer immunotherapy. Med Drug Discov. 2022;14:100122.
Sultan H, Salazar AM, Celis E. Poly-ICLC, a multi-functional immune modulator for treating cancer. Semin Immunol. 2020;49:101414.
Zhang Y, Yuan T, Li Z, Luo C, Wu Y, Zhang J, et al. Hyaluronate-based self-stabilized nanoparticles for immunosuppression reversion and immunochemotherapy in osteosarcoma treatment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7(4):1515–25. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00081.
Huang Y, Nahar S, Alam MDM, Hu S, McVicar DW, Yang D. Reactive oxygen species-sensitive biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles harboring theravac elicit tumor-specific immunity for colon tumor treatment. ACS Nano. 2023;17(20):19740–52. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c03195.
Tambunlertchai S, Geary SM, Naguib YW, Salem AK. Investigating silver nanoparticles and resiquimod as a local melanoma treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2023;183:1–12.
Kim H, Niu L, Larson P, Kucaba TA, Murphy KA, James BR, et al. Polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating novel TLR7/8 agonists as immunostimulatory adjuvants for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials. 2018;164:38–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.034.
Bahmani B, Gong H, Luk BT, Haushalter KJ, DeTeresa E, Previti M, et al. Intratumoral immunotherapy using platelet-cloaked nanoparticles enhances antitumor immunity in solid tumors. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1999.
Widmer J, Thauvin C, Mottas I, Nguyen VN, Delie F, Allémann E, Bourquin C. Polymer-based nanoparticles loaded with a TLR7 ligand to target the lymph node for immunostimulation. Int J Pharm. 2018;535(1):444–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.031.
Yin W, Qian S. Delivery of cisplatin and resiquimod in nanomicelles for the chemoimmunotherapy of ovarian cancer. Cancer Nanotechnology. 2022;13(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12645-021-00094-8.
Zhang H, Tang WL, Kheirolomoom A, Fite BZ, Wu B, Lau K, et al. Development of thermosensitive resiquimod-loaded liposomes for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release. 2021;330:1080–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.013.
Kakwere H, Zhang H, Ingham ES, Nura-Raie M, Tumbale SK, Allen R, et al. Systemic immunotherapy with micellar resiquimod-polymer conjugates triggers a robust antitumor response in a breast cancer model. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021;10(10):e2100008. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100008.
Singh B, Maharjan S, Pan DC, Zhao Z, Gao Y, Zhang YS, Mitragotri S. Imiquimod-gemcitabine nanoparticles harness immune cells to suppress breast cancer. Biomaterials. 2022;280:121302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121302.
Gondan AIB, Ruiz-de-Angulo A, Zabaleta A, Blanco NG, Cobaleda-Siles BM, García-Granda MJ, et al. Effective cancer immunotherapy in mice by polyIC-imiquimod complexes and engineered magnetic nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2018;170:95–115.
Yan W, Li Y, Zou Y, Zhu R, Wu T, Yuan W, et al. Co-delivering irinotecan and imiquimod by pH-responsive micelle amplifies anti-tumor immunity against colorectal cancer. Int J Pharm. 2023;648:123583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123583.
Wen YH, Hsieh PI, Chiu HC, Chiang CW, Lo CL, Chiang YT. Precise delivery of doxorubicin and imiquimod through pH-responsive tumor microenvironment-active targeting micelles for chemo- and immunotherapy. Mater Today Bio. 2022;17:100482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100482.
Bagchi S, Yuan R, Engleman EG. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance. Annu Rev Pathol. 2021;16:223–49.
Marei HE, Hasan A, Pozzoli G, Cenciarelli C. Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): potential, mechanisms of resistance, and strategies for reinvigorating T cell responsiveness when resistance is acquired. Cancer Cell Int. 2023;23(1):64.
Nagasaki J, Ishino T, Togashi Y. Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer Sci. 2022;113(10):3303.
Shi C, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhou X. Immunotherapy for EGFR-mutant advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: current status, possible mechanisms and application prospects. Front Immunol. 2022;13:940288.
Zhao Y, Yang W, Huang Y, Cui R, Li X, Li B. Evolving roles for targeting CTLA-4 in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;47(2):721–34.
Chauvin J-M, Zarour HM. TIGIT in cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):000957.
Chu X, Tian W, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhou R. Co-inhibition of TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms and clinical trials. Mol Cancer. 2023;22(1):1–31.
Dong M, Yu T, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Wang R, Tse G, et al. ICIs-related cardiotoxicity in different types of cancer. J Cardiovasc Develop Dis. 2022;9(7):203.
Boone CE, Wang L, Gautam A, Newton IG, Steinmetz NF. Combining nanomedicine and immune checkpoint therapy for cancer immunotherapy. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2022;14(1):e1739.
Badiee P, Maritz MF, Dmochowska N, Cheah E, Thierry B. Intratumoral Anti-PD-1 nanoformulation improves its biodistribution. ACS Appl Mater Interface. 2022;14(14):15881–93. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c22479.
Ordikhani F, Uehara M, Kasinath V, Dai L, Eskandari SK, Bahmani B, et al. Targeting antigen-presenting cells by anti-PD-1 nanoparticles augments antitumor immunity. JCI Insight. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.122700.
Wu Y, Gu W, Li L, Chen C, Xu ZP. Enhancing PD-1 gene silence in T lymphocytes by comparing the delivery performance of two inorganic nanoparticle platforms. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(2):159.
Wu Y, Gu W, Li J, Chen C, Xu ZP. Silencing PD-1 and PD-L1 with nanoparticle-delivered small interfering RNA increases cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Nanomedicine. 2019;14(8):955–67.
Jeong W-j, Bu J, Han Y, Drelich AJ, Nair A, Král P, Hong S. Nanoparticle Conjugation stabilizes and multimerizes β-hairpin peptides to effectively target PD-1/PD-L1 β-sheet-rich interfaces. J Am Chem Soc. 2020;142(4):1832–7.
Zhang Z, Wang Q, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Zheng C, Yi K, et al. Dual-locking nanoparticles disrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway for efficient cancer immunotherapy. Adv Mater. 2019;31(51):1905751. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905751.
Zhang B, Wang Y, Wang S, Tang Y, Li Z, Lin L, et al. Precise RNA editing: cascade self-uncloaking dual-prodrug nanoassemblies based on CRISPR/Cas13a for pleiotropic immunotherapy of PD-L1-resistant colorectal cancer. Adv Func Mater. 2023;33(46):2305630. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305630.
Lan X, Zhu W, Huang X, Yu Y, Xiao H, Jin L, et al. Microneedles loaded with anti-PD-1–cisplatin nanoparticles for synergistic cancer immuno-chemotherapy. Nanoscale. 2020;12(36):18885–98.
Xu S, Cui F, Huang D, Zhang D, Zhu A, Sun X, et al. PD-L1 monoclonal antibody-conjugated nanoparticles enhance drug delivery level and chemotherapy efficacy in gastric cancer cells. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:17–32.
Mu X, Zhang M, Wei A, Yin F, Wang Y, Hu K, Jiang J. Doxorubicin and PD-L1 siRNA co-delivery with stem cell membrane-coated polydopamine nanoparticles for the targeted chemoimmunotherapy of PCa bone metastases. Nanoscale. 2021;13(19):8998–9008.
Zhu W, Bai Y, Zhang N, Yan J, Chen J, He Z, et al. A tumor extracellular pH-sensitive PD-L1 binding peptide nanoparticle for chemo-immunotherapy of cancer. J Mater Chem B. 2021;9(20):4201–10.
Cai S, Chen Z, Wang Y, Wang M, Wu J, Tong Y, et al. Reducing PD-L1 expression with a self-assembled nanodrug: an alternative to PD-L1 antibody for enhanced chemo-immunotherapy. Theranostics. 2021;11(4):1970–81. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.45777.
Zou M-Z, Liu W-L, Li C-X, Zheng D-W, Zeng J-Y, Gao F, et al. A Multifunctional biomimetic nanoplatform for relieving hypoxia to enhance chemotherapy and inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis. Small. 2018;14(28):1801120. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201801120.
Liang J, Wang H, Ding W, Huang J, Zhou X, Wang H, et al. Nanoparticle-enhanced chemo-immunotherapy to trigger robust antitumor immunity. Sci Adv. 2020;6(35):eabc646.
Sun Z, Zhang Y, Cao D, Wang X, Yan X, Li H, et al. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and angiogenesis dual recognizable nanoparticles for enhancing chemotherapy of malignant cancer. Drug Deliv. 2018;25(1):1746–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2018.1509907.
Jhunjhunwala S, Hammer C, Delamarre L. Antigen presentation in cancer: insights into tumour immunogenicity and immune evasion. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(5):298–312.
Gupta RG, Li F, Roszik J, Lizée G. Exploiting tumor neoantigens to target cancer evolution: current challenges and promising therapeutic approaches. Cancer Discov. 2021;11(5):1024–39.
Accolla R, Lombardo L, Abdallah R, Raval G, Forlani G, Tosi G. Boosting the MHC class II-restricted tumor antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells: a critical issue for triggering protective immunity and re-orienting the tumor microenvironment toward an anti-tumor state. Front Oncol. 2014;4:79407.
Sánchez-Paulete A, Teijeira A, Cueto FJ, Garasa S, Pérez-Gracia JL, Sánchez-Arráez A, et al. Antigen cross-presentation and T-cell cross-priming in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Annal Oncol. 2017;28:xii44–55.
Zwiorek K, Bourquin C, Battiany J, Winter G, Endres S, Hartmann G, Coester C. Delivery by cationic gelatin nanoparticles strongly increases the immunostimulatory effects of CpG oligonucleotides. Pharm Res. 2008;25:551–62.
Thomas SN, Vokali E, Lund AW, Hubbell JA, Swartz MA. Targeting the tumor-draining lymph node with adjuvanted nanoparticles reshapes the anti-tumor immune response. Biomaterials. 2014;35(2):814–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.003.
Lin AY, Almeida JP, Bear A, Liu N, Luo L, Foster AE, Drezek RA. Gold nanoparticle delivery of modified CpG stimulates macrophages and inhibits tumor growth for enhanced immunotherapy. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e63550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063550.
Schumacher TN, Schreiber RD. Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Science. 2015;348(6230):69–74.
Bobisse S, Foukas PG, Coukos G, Harari A. Neoantigen-based cancer immunotherapy. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4(14):262.
Wirth TC, Kühnel F. Neoantigen targeting—dawn of a new era in cancer immunotherapy? Front Immunol. 2017;8:1848.
Solbrig CM, Saucier-Sawyer JK, Cody V, Saltzman WM, Hanlon DJ. Polymer nanoparticles for immunotherapy from encapsulated tumor-associated antigens and whole tumor cells. Mol Pharm. 2007;4(1):47–57. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp060107e.
Tan S, Sasada T, Bershteyn A, Yang K, Ioji T, Zhang Z. Combinational delivery of lipid-enveloped polymeric nanoparticles carrying different peptides for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2014;9(5):635–47. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.13.67.
Xu Z, Wang Y, Zhang L, Huang L. Nanoparticle-delivered transforming growth factor-β siRNA enhances vaccination against advanced melanoma by modifying tumor microenvironment. ACS Nano. 2014;8(4):3636–45. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500216y.
Arbelaez CA, Estrada J, Gessner MA, Glaus C, Morales AB, Mohn D, et al. A nanoparticle vaccine that targets neoantigen peptides to lymphoid tissues elicits robust antitumor T cell responses. NPJ Vaccin. 2020;5(1):106. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-020-00253-9.
Ni Q, Zhang F, Liu Y, Wang Z, Yu G, Liang B, et al. A bi-adjuvant nanovaccine that potentiates immunogenicity of neoantigen for combination immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. Sci Adv. 2020;6(12):6eaaw6071.
Zhu J, Ji Z, Wang J, Sun R, Zhang X, Gao Y, et al. Tumor-inhibitory effect and immunomodulatory activity of fullerol C60(OH)x. Small. 2008;4(8):1168–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200701219.
Liu Y, Jiao F, Qiu Y, Li W, Qu Y, Tian C, et al. Immunostimulatory properties and enhanced TNF- alpha mediated cellular immunity for tumor therapy by C60(OH)20 nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2009;20(41):415102. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/41/415102.
Eble JA, Niland S. The extracellular matrix in tumor progression and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2019;36(3):171–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-019-09966-1.
Yoo J, Seo BK, Park EK, Kwon M, Jeong H, Cho KR, et al. Tumor stiffness measured by shear wave elastography correlates with tumor hypoxia as well as histologic biomarkers in breast cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2020;20(1):1–10.
Salavati H, Debbaut C, Pullens P, Ceelen W. Interstitial fluid pressure as an emerging biomarker in solid tumors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) Rev Cancer. 2022;1877:188792.
Zhang T, Jia Y, Yu Y, Zhang B, Xu F, Guo H. Targeting the tumor biophysical microenvironment to reduce resistance to immunotherapy. Adv Drug Del Rev. 2022;186:114319.
Parodi A, Haddix SG, Taghipour N, Scaria S, Taraballi F, Cevenini A, et al. Bromelain surface modification increases the diffusion of silica nanoparticles in the tumor extracellular matrix. ACS Nano. 2014;8(10):9874–83.
Kanapathipillai M, Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Kang JH, Jiang E, Ghosh K, et al. Inhibition of mammary tumor growth using lysyl oxidase-targeting nanoparticles to modify extracellular matrix. Nano Lett. 2012;12(6):3213–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl301206p.
Zhang B, Shen S, Liao Z, Shi W, Wang Y, Zhao J, et al. Targeting fibronectins of glioma extracellular matrix by CLT1 peptide-conjugated nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2014;35(13):4088–98.
Zhang B, Jiang T, Shen S, She X, Tuo Y, Hu Y, et al. Cyclopamine disrupts tumor extracellular matrix and improves the distribution and efficacy of nanotherapeutics in pancreatic cancer. Biomaterials. 2016;103:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.048.
Duan S, Sun F, Qiao P, Zhu Z, Geng M, Gong X, et al. Detachable dual-targeting nanoparticles for improving the antitumor effect by extracellular matrix depletion. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023;9(3):1437–49. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01179.
Lee S, Han H, Koo H, Na JH, Yoon HY, Lee KE, et al. Extracellular matrix remodeling in vivo for enhancing tumor-targeting efficiency of nanoparticle drug carriers using the pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound. J Control Release. 2017;263:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.035.
Wang L, Dou J, Jiang W, Wang Q, Liu Y, Liu H, Wang Y. Enhanced intracellular transcytosis of nanoparticles by degrading extracellular matrix for deep tissue radiotherapy of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Nano Lett. 2022;22(17):6877–87. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01005.
Fang T, Zhang J, Zuo T, Wu G, Xu Y, Yang Y, et al. Chemo-photothermal combination cancer therapy with ROS scavenging, extracellular matrix depletion, and tumor immune activation by telmisartan and diselenide-paclitaxel prodrug loaded nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12(28):31292–308.
Xiao M, He J, Yin L, Chen X, Zu X, Shen Y. Tumor-associated macrophages: critical players in drug resistance of breast cancer. Front Immunol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.799428.
Lafta HA, AbdulHussein AH, Al-Shalah SA, Alnassar YS, Mohammed NM, Akram SM, et al. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in cancer resistance; modulation by natural products. Curr Top Med Chem. 2023;23(12):1104–22.
Chaudhary B, Elkord E. Regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression: role and therapeutic targeting. Vaccines. 2016;4(3):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4030028.
Zhang Y, Hughes KR, Raghani RM, Ma J, Orbach S, Jeruss JS, Shea LD. Cargo-free immunomodulatory nanoparticles combined with anti-PD-1 antibody for treating metastatic breast cancer. Biomaterials. 2021;269:120666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120666.
Sun M, Gu P, Yang Y, Yu L, Jiang Z, Li J, et al. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles inflame tumors to overcome anti-PD-1 resistance through TLR4-NFκB axis. J Immunother Cancer. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002508.
Guo X-Y, Zhang J-Y, Shi X-Z, Wang Q, Shen W-L, Zhu W-W, Liu L-K. Upregulation of CSF-1 is correlated with elevated TAM infiltration and poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Transl Res. 2020;12(10):6235.
Li M, Li M, Yang Y, Liu Y, Xie H, Yu Q, et al. Remodeling tumor immune microenvironment via targeted blockade of PI3K-γ and CSF-1/CSF-1R pathways in tumor associated macrophages for pancreatic cancer therapy. J Control Release. 2020;321:23–35.
Ries CH, Cannarile MA, Hoves S, Benz J, Wartha K, Runza V, et al. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages with anti-CSF-1R antibody reveals a strategy for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell. 2014;25(6):846–59.
Kumar V, Donthireddy L, Marvel D, Condamine T, Wang F, Lavilla-Alonso S, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts neutralize the anti-tumor effect of CSF1 receptor blockade by inducing PMN-MDSC infiltration of tumors. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(5):654-68.e5.
Almahariq MF, Quinn TJ, Kesarwani P, Kant S, Miller CR, Chinnaiyan P. Inhibition of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy and reduces immune suppression in glioblastoma. In Vivo. 2021;35(1):119–29.
Ramesh A, Brouillard A, Kumar S, Nandi D, Kulkarni A. Dual inhibition of CSF1R and MAPK pathways using supramolecular nanoparticles enhances macrophage immunotherapy. Biomaterials. 2020;227:119559.
Alhudaithi SS, Almuqbil RM, Zhang H, Bielski ER, Du W, Sunbul FS, et al. Local targeting of lung-tumor-associated macrophages with pulmonary delivery of a CSF-1R inhibitor for the treatment of breast cancer lung metastases. Mol Pharm. 2020;17(12):4691–703.
Sun Y, Cronin MF, Mendonca MC, Guo J, O’Driscoll CM. Sialic acid-targeted cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles deliver CSF-1R siRNA and reprogram tumour-associated macrophages for immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2023;185:106427.
Tu MM, Abdel-Hafiz HA, Jones RT, Jean A, Hoff KJ, Duex JE, et al. Inhibition of the CCL2 receptor, CCR2, enhances tumor response to immune checkpoint therapy. Commun Biol. 2020;3(1):720.
Liu Y, Tiruthani K, Wang M, Zhou X, Qiu N, Xiong Y, et al. Tumor-targeted gene therapy with lipid nanoparticles inhibits tumor-associated adipocytes and remodels the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in triple-negative breast cancer. Nanoscale Horizons. 2021;6(4):319–29.
Wang Y, Tiruthani K, Li S, Hu M, Zhong G, Tang Y, et al. mRNA delivery of a bispecific single-domain antibody to polarize tumor-associated macrophages and synergize immunotherapy against liver malignancies. Adv Mater. 2021;33(23):2007603.
Gu X, Gao Y, Wang P, Wang L, Peng H, He Y, et al. Nano-delivery systems focused on tumor microenvironment regulation and biomimetic strategies for treatment of breast cancer metastasis. J Control Release. 2021;333:374–90.
Mardani R, Hamblin MR, Taghizadeh M, Banafshe HR, Nejati M, Mokhtari M, et al. Nanomicellar-curcumin exerts its therapeutic effects via affecting angiogenesis, apoptosis, and T cells in a mouse model of melanoma lung metastasis. Pathol Res Pract. 2020;216(9):153082.
Zheng Y, Jia R, Li J, Tian X, Qian Y. Curcumin-and resveratrol-co-loaded nanoparticles in synergistic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1):339.
Lin M, Yao W, Xiao Y, Dong Z, Huang W, Zhang F, et al. Resveratrol-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticle for tumor-targeted therapy of gastric cancer. Bioengineered. 2021;12(1):6343–53.
Li C, Xu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, He W, Ju J, et al. The effect of resveratrol, curcumin and quercetin combination on immuno-suppression of tumor microenvironment for breast tumor-bearing mice. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):13278.
Kuo I-M, Lee J-J, Wang Y-S, Chiang H-C, Huang C-C, Hsieh P-J, et al. Potential enhancement of host immunity and anti-tumor efficacy of nanoscale curcumin and resveratrol in colorectal cancers by modulated electro-hyperthermia. BMC Cancer. 2020;20:1–13.
Ashkbar A, Rezaei F, Attari F, Ashkevarian S. Treatment of breast cancer in vivo by dual photodynamic and photothermal approaches with the aid of curcumin photosensitizer and magnetic nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21206.
Xiao Z, Su Z, Han S, Huang J, Lin L, Shuai X. Dual pH-sensitive nanodrug blocks PD-1 immune checkpoint and uses T cells to deliver NF-κB inhibitor for antitumor immunotherapy. Sci Adv. 2020;6(6):7785.
Ghoreyshi N, Ghahremanloo A, Javid H, Homayouni Tabrizi M, Hashemy SI. Effect of folic acid-linked chitosan-coated PLGA-based curcumin nanoparticles on the redox system of glioblastoma cancer cells. Phytochem Anal. 2023;34(8):950–8.
Xue D, Hsu E, Fu Y-X, Peng H. Next-generation cytokines for cancer immunotherapy. Antibody Therap. 2021;4(2):123–33.
Mirlekar B, Pylayeva-Gupta Y. IL-12 family cytokines in cancer and immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(2):167.
Todorović-Raković N. The role of cytokines in the evolution of cancer: IFN-γ paradigm. Cytokine. 2022;151:155442.
Klein C, Waldhauer I, Nicolini VG, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Nayak T, Vugts DJ, et al. Cergutuzumab amunaleukin (CEA-IL2v), a CEA-targeted IL-2 variant-based immunocytokine for combination cancer immunotherapy: overcoming limitations of aldesleukin and conventional IL-2-based immunocytokines. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6(3):e1277306. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402x.2016.1277306.
Johannsen M, Spitaleri G, Curigliano G, Roigas J, Weikert S, Kempkensteffen C, et al. The tumour-targeting human L19-IL2 immunocytokine: preclinical safety studies, phase I clinical trial in patients with solid tumours and expansion into patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(16):2926–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.033.
Saif A, Rossi AJ, Sarnaik A, Hernandez JM, Zager JS. Efficacy of neoadjuvant intratumoral darleukin/fibromun (L19IL2 + L19TNF) in patients with clinical stage IIIB/C melanoma (Neo-DREAM). Ann Surg Oncol. 2022;29(6):3377–8. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-022-11447-x.
Barberio AE, Smith SG, Correa S, Nguyen C, Nhan B, Melo M, et al. Cancer cell coating nanoparticles for optimal tumor-specific cytokine delivery. ACS Nano. 2020;14(9):11238–53.
Liu X, Gao X, Zheng S, Wang B, Li Y, Zhao C, et al. Modified nanoparticle mediated IL-12 immunogene therapy for colon cancer. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2017;13(6):1993–2004.
Shin H, Kang S, Won C, Min D-H. Enhanced local delivery of engineered IL-2 mRNA by porous silica nanoparticles to promote effective antitumor immunity. ACS Nano. 2023;17(17):17554–67. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c06733.
Kim J, Kang S, Kim KW, Heo M-G, Park D-I, Lee J-H, et al. Nanoparticle delivery of recombinant IL-2 (BALLkine-2) achieves durable tumor control with less systemic adverse effects in cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials. 2022;280:121257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121257.
Shimizu T, Kishida T, Hasegawa U, Ueda Y, Imanishi J, Yamagishi H, et al. Nanogel DDS enables sustained release of IL-12 for tumor immunotherapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;367(2):330–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.112.
Barberio AE, Smith SG, Pires IS, Iyer S, Reinhardt F, Melo MB, et al. Layer-by-layer interleukin-12 nanoparticles drive a safe and effective response in ovarian tumors. Bioeng Transl Med. 2023;8(2):e10453.
Li Y, Su Z, Zhao W, Zhang X, Momin N, Zhang C, et al. Multifunctional oncolytic nanoparticles deliver self-replicating IL-12 RNA to eliminate established tumors and prime systemic immunity. Nat Cancer. 2020;1(9):882–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-020-0095-6.
Liu J-Q, Zhang C, Zhang X, Yan J, Zeng C, Talebian F, et al. Intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and IL-27 mRNA using lipid nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release. 2022;345:306–13.
Lai I, Swaminathan S, Baylot V, Mosley A, Dhanasekaran R, Gabay M, Felsher DW. Lipid nanoparticles that deliver IL-12 messenger RNA suppress tumorigenesis in MYC oncogene-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2018;6(1):125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-018-0431-x.
Zhao Y, Song Q, Yin Y, Wu T, Hu X, Gao X, et al. Immunochemotherapy mediated by thermosponge nanoparticles for synergistic anti-tumor effects. J Control Release. 2018;269:322–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.037.
Zhao P, Tian Y, Lu Y, Zhang J, Tao A, Xiang G, Liu Y. Biomimetic calcium carbonate nanoparticles delivered IL-12 mRNA for targeted glioblastoma sono-immunotherapy by ultrasound-induced necroptosis. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1):525. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01731-z.
Thaker PH, Brady WE, Lankes HA, Odunsi K, Bradley WH, Moore KN, et al. A phase I trial of intraperitoneal GEN-1, an IL-12 plasmid formulated with PEG-PEI-cholesterol lipopolymer, administered with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with recurrent or persistent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancers: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;147(2):283–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.08.001.
Shaw AR, Suzuki M. Recent advances in oncolytic adenovirus therapies for cancer. Curr Opin Virol. 2016;21:9–15.
Guo ZS, Liu Z, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic immunotherapy: dying the right way is a key to eliciting potent antitumor immunity. Front Oncol. 2014;4:74.
Li F, Sheng Y, Hou W, Sampath P, Byrd D, Thorne S, Zhang Y. CCL5-armed oncolytic virus augments CCR5-engineered NK cell infiltration and antitumor efficiency. J Immunother Cancer. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2019-000131.
Wang X, Zhong L, Zhao Y. Oncolytic adenovirus: a tool for reversing the tumor microenvironment and promoting cancer treatment. Oncol Rep. 2021;45(4):1–9.
Zhao Y, Liu Z, Li L, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang H, et al. Oncolytic adenovirus: prospects for cancer immunotherapy. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:707290.
Kalus P, De Munck J, Vanbellingen S, Carreer L, Laeremans T, Broos K, et al. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 induces immunogenic cell death resulting in maturation of BDCA-1+ myeloid dendritic cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):4865.
Gebremeskel S, Nelson A, Walker B, Oliphant T, Lobert L, Mahoney D, Johnston B. Natural killer T cell immunotherapy combined with oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus or reovirus treatments differentially increases survival in mouse models of ovarian and breast cancer metastasis. J Immunother Cancer. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2020-002096.
Martini V, D’Avanzo F, Maggiora PM, Varughese FM, Sica A, Gennari A. Oncolytic virotherapy: new weapon for breast cancer treatment. Ecancermedicalscience. 2020;14:1149.
Niavarani S-R, Lawson C, Boudaud M, Simard C, Tai L-H. Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus-based cellular vaccine improves triple-negative breast cancer outcome by enhancing natural killer and CD8+ T-cell functionality. J Immunother Cancer. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2019-000465.
Fournier P, Bian H, Szeberényi J, Schirrmacher V. Analysis of three properties of Newcastle disease virus for fighting cancer: tumor-selective replication, antitumor cytotoxicity, and immunostimulation. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;797:177–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-340-0_13.
Ma F, Cao Y, Yan J, Lu Z, Sun L, Hussain Z, et al. Multifunctional hybrid oncolytic virus-mimicking nanoparticles for targeted induce of tumor-specific pyroptosis and enhanced anti-tumor immune response in melanoma. Nano Today. 2024;54:102063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2023.102063.
Jabir MS, Al-Shammari AM, Ali ZO, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman GM, Jawad SF, et al. Combined oncolytic virotherapy gold nanoparticles as synergistic immunotherapy agent in breast cancer control. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16843. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42299-4.
Wu F, Li Y, Meng Y, Cai X, Shi J, Li J, et al. An ion-enhanced oncolytic virus-like nanoparticle for tumor immunotherapy. Angew Chem. 2022;134(45):e202210487.
Chan JD, Lai J, Slaney CY, Kallies A, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. Cellular networks controlling T cell persistence in adoptive cell therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(12):769–84.
Fuentes-Antrás J, Guevara-Hoyer K, Baliu-Piqué M, García-Sáenz JAn, Pérez-Segura P, Pandiella A, Ocaña A,. Adoptive cell therapy in breast cancer: a current perspective of next-generation medicine. Front Oncol. 2020;10:605633.
Haslauer T, Greil R, Zaborsky N, Geisberger R. CAR T-cell therapy in hematological malignancies. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):8996.
Kirtane K, Elmariah H, Chung CH, Abate-Daga D. Adoptive cellular therapy in solid tumor malignancies: review of the literature and challenges ahead. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9(7):2723.
Balakrishnan PB, Sweeney EE. Nanoparticles for enhanced adoptive T cell therapies and future perspectives for CNS tumors. Front Immunol. 2021;12:600659.
Zheng C, Zhang J, Chan HF, Hu H, Lv S, Na N, et al. Engineering nano-therapeutics to boost adoptive cell therapy for cancer treatment. Small Methods. 2021;5(5):2001191.
Prazeres PHDM, Ferreira H, Costa PAC, da Silva W, Alves MT, Padilla M, et al. Delivery of plasmid DNA by ionizable lipid nanoparticles to induce CAR expression in T cells. Int J Nanomed. 2023;18:5891–904.
Zhang F, Stephan SB, Ene CI, Smith TT, Holland EC, Stephan MT. Nanoparticles that reshape the tumor milieu create a therapeutic window for effective T-cell therapy in solid malignancies. Cancer Res. 2018;78(13):3718–30. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-18-0306.
Siriwon N, Kim YJ, Siegler E, Chen X, Rohrs JA, Liu Y, Wang P. CAR-T cells surface-engineered with drug-encapsulated nanoparticles can ameliorate intratumoral T-cell hypofunction. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6(7):812–24. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0502.
Braunstein MJ, Kucharczyk J, Adams S. Targeting toll-like receptors for cancer therapy. Target Oncol. 2018;13(5):583–98.
Qin M, Li Y, Yang X, Wu H. Safety of Toll-like receptor 9 agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2014;36(4):251–60.
Zhou L, Zou M, Xu Y, Lin P, Lei C, Xia X. Nano drug delivery system for tumor immunotherapy: next-generation therapeutics. Front Oncol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.864301.
Raja J, Ludwig JM, Gettinger SN, Schalper KA, Kim HS. Oncolytic virus immunotherapy: future prospects for oncology. J Immunother Cancer. 2018;6:1–13.
Schirrmacher V. Cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses exert profoundly lower side effects in cancer patients than other systemic therapies: a comparative analysis. Biomedicines. 2020;8(3):61.
Rasa A, Alberts P. Oncolytic virus preclinical toxicology studies. J Appl Toxicol. 2023;43(5):620–48.
Ajam-Hosseini M, Akhoondi F, Doroudian M. Nano based-oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2023;185:103980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103980.
Myers G. Immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a brief review. Curr Oncol. 2018;25(5):342–7.
Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Zarrin V, Moghadam ER, Zabolian A, et al. PD-1/PD-L1 axis regulation in cancer therapy: the role of long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs. Life Sci. 2020;256:117899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117899.
Bai R, Lv Z, Xu D, Cui J. Predictive biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Biomark Res. 2020;8(1):34.
Kawashima S, Togashi Y. Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors and the tumor microenvironment. Exp Dermatol. 2023;32(3):240–9.
Gupta R, Kadhim MM, Turki Jalil A, Qasim Alasheqi M, Alsaikhan F, Khalimovna Mukhamedova N, et al. The interactions of docetaxel with tumor microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;119:110214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110214.
Yu D-L, Lou Z-P, Ma F-Y, Najafi M. The interactions of paclitaxel with tumour microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;105:108555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108555.
Moslehi M, Moazamiyanfar R, Dakkali MS, Rezaei S, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Jafarzadeh E, et al. Modulation of the immune system by melatonin; implications for cancer therapy. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;108:108890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108890.
Mu Q, Najafi M. Resveratrol for targeting the tumor microenvironment and its interactions with cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107895.
Qin Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Xie T, Yan S, Wang J, et al. Promotion of ICD via nanotechnology. Macromol Biosci. 2023;23(9):2300093.
Hernández Á-P, Juanes-Velasco P, Landeira-Viñuela A, Bareke H, Montalvillo E, Góngora R, Fuentes M. Restoring the immunity in the tumor microenvironment: insights into immunogenic cell death in onco-therapies. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(11):2821.
Birmpilis AI, Paschalis A, Mourkakis A, Christodoulou P, Kostopoulos IV, Antimissari E, et al. Immunogenic cell death, DAMPs and prothymosin α as a putative anticancer immune response biomarker. Cells. 2022;11(9):1415.
Chen S, Song Z, Zhang A. Small-molecule immuno-oncology therapy: advances, challenges and new directions. Curr Top Med Chem. 2019;19(3):180–5.
Qiu Y, Su M, Liu L, Tang Y, Pan Y, Sun J. Clinical application of cytokines in cancer immunotherapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:2269–87.
Lee SN, Jin SM, Shin HS, Lim YT. Chemical strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of toll-like receptor agonist based cancer immunotherapy. Acc Chem Res. 2020;53(10):2081–93. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00337.
Keshavarz M, Miri SM, Behboudi E, Arjeini Y, Dianat-Moghadam H, Ghaemi A. Oncolytic virus delivery modulated immune responses toward cancer therapy: challenges and perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;108:108882.
Howard F, Muthana M. Designer nanocarriers for navigating the systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses. Nanomedicine. 2020;15(1):93–110.
Kepp O, Senovilla L, Kroemer G. Immunogenic cell death inducers as anticancer agents. Oncotarget. 2014;5(14):5190.
Pol J, Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Castoldi F, Eggermont A, Cremer I, et al. Trial Watch: immunogenic cell death inducers for anticancer chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2015;4(4):e1008866.
Mazari SA, Ali E, Abro R, Khan FSA, Ahmed I, Ahmed M, et al. Nanomaterials: applications, waste-handling, environmental toxicities, and future challenges—a review. J Environ Chem Eng. 2021;9(2):105028.
Muhammad Q, Jang Y, Kang SH, Moon J, Kim WJ, Park H. Modulation of immune responses with nanoparticles and reduction of their immunotoxicity. Biomater Sci. 2020;8(6):1490–501.
Colaço M, Marques AP, Jesus S, Duarte A, Borges O. Safe-by-design of glucan nanoparticles: size matters when assessing the immunotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol. 2020;33(4):915–32.
Sonin D, Pochkaeva E, Zhuravskii S, Postnov V, Korolev D, Vasina L, et al. Biological safety and biodistribution of chitosan nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(4):810.
Lee Y, Jeong M, Park J, Jung H, Lee H. Immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles and its impact on the efficacy of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics. Exp Mol Med. 2023;55(10):2085–96.
Simón M, Jørgensen JT, Norregaard K, Kjaer A. 18F-FDG positron emission tomography and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for response evaluation of nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):7595.
Liu X, Wang M, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Shi C, Zeng F, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging nanoprobe quantifies nitric oxide for evaluating M1/M2 macrophage polarization and prognosis of cancer treatments. ACS Nano. 2023;17(24):24854–66.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, for financially supporting this work through the small Research Group Project under Grant No. R.G.P.2/44/45.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed in the first draft writing. I A edited and reviewed final version of paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmad, I., Altameemi, K.K.A., Hani, M.M. et al. Shifting cold to hot tumors by nanoparticle-loaded drugs and products. Clin Transl Oncol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03577-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03577-3