[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines Against COVID-19: A Systematic Review

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Molecular Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To overcome the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of safe and effective vaccines is crucial. With the enormous information available on vaccine development for COVID-19, there are still grey areas to be considered when designing a potential vaccine. The rapid regulatory approval of nucleic acid-based vaccines was unique to the COVID-19; these vaccines were rapidly produced cost-effectively and with lesser risk of infectivity. Additionally, they demonstrated relative stability at room temperature (DNA). However, a comparative understanding of the immunogenic impact and efficacy of these vaccines is lacking. Immunogenicity is essential for developing and maintaining effective and long-lasting post-vaccination immunity to pathogenic microorganisms. This systematic review aims to assess and summarize the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the nucleic acid-based vaccines against COVID-19. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) recommendations were followed in this review. CASP tool was used for quality assessment of randomized controlled trials. All included studies employed a randomized control method, and the results demonstrated promising immune responses and effectiveness that provided high-level protection against COVID-19 infection. This study offers vital insights for advancing vaccine technology. Furthermore, it guides formulation, informs personalized vaccination strategies, and enhances global health preparedness, particularly in regions with limited vaccine access.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Original data is available from the corresponding author upon request.

Abbreviations

SARS-CoV-2-:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

COVID-19:

Coronavirus disease 19

ACE-2:

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2

bAb:

Binding antibodies

nAb:

Neutralizing antibodies

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

PRNT:

Plaque reduction neutralization test

PVNT:

Pseudovirus neutralization test

VE:

Vaccine efficacy

CV:

Complete vaccination

CI:

Confidence vaccination

NR:

Nnot reported

V. group:

Vaccine group

P. group:

Placebo group

INF-γ:

Interferon gamma

CI:

Confidence interval

EU:

ELISA Units

SD:

Standard deviation of log10 titer value

References

  1. Moore, S., (2021) History of COVID-19;1–7. Retrieved March 26, 2023, From https://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-COVID-19.aspxaspx

  2. World Health Organization (2023). Retrieved February 27, 2023, From https://covid19.who.int/

  3. Hassanin, A., Grandcolas, P., & Veron, G. (2021). Covid-19: Natural or anthropic origin? Mammalia, 85(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2020-0044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Lam, T. Y. T., Na, J., Ya-Wei, Z., Marcus, H. S., Jia-Fu, J., Hua-Chen, Z., Yi-Gang, T., Yong-Xia, S., Xue-Bing, N., Yun-Shi, L., Wen-Juan, L., Bao-Gui, J., Wei, W., Ting-Ting, Y., Kui, Z., Xiao-Ming, C., Jie, L., Guang-Qian, P., Xin, Q., & Wu-Chun, C. (2020). Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature, 583, 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sun, P., Lu, X., Xu, C., Sun, W., & Pan, B. (2020). Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. Journal of Medical Virology, 92, 548–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Guo, Y.-R., Cao, Q.-D., Hong, Z.-S., Tan, Y.-Y., Chen, S.-D., Jin, H.-J., Tan, K., Wang, D., & Yan, Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak—an update on the status. Military Medicine Research, 7(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bobdey, S., & Ray, S. (2020). Going viral—Covid-19 Impact assessment: A perspective beyond clinical practice. Retrieved April 28, 2023, from https://search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-585

  8. Shah, V. K., Firmal, P., Alam, A., Ganguly, D., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2020). Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Forni, G., & Mantovani, A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines: Where we stand and challenges ahead. Cell Death & Differentiation, 28(2), 626–639. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-00720-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Khobragade, A., Bhate, S., Ramaiah, V., Deshpande, S., Giri, K., Phophle, H., Supe, P., Godara, I., Revanna, R., Nagarkar, R., Sanmukhani, J., Dey, A., Rajanathan, T. M. C., Kansagra, K., & Koradia, P. (2022). Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the DNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (ZyCoV-D): The interim efficacy results of a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in India. The Lancet, 399, 1313–1321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00151-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Graña, C., Ghosn, L., Evrenoglou, T., Jarde, A., Minozzi, S., Bergman, H., Buckley, B. S., Probyn, K., Villanueva, G., Henschke, N., Bonnet, H., Assi, R., Menon, S., Marti, M., Devane, D., Mallon, P., Lelievre, J.-D., Askie, L. M., Kredo, T., & Boutron, I. (2022). Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015477

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Sheridan, C. (2021). First COVID-19 DNA vaccine approved, others in hot pursuit. Nature Biotechnology, 39(12), 1479–1482. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41587-021-00023-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. GAVI. (2020). What are nucleic acid vaccines and how could they be used against COVID-19? Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-nucleic-acid-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19

  14. Moher, D., & Kamioka, H. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 4(1), 1. Retrieved from https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/

  15. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). (2013). CASP randomized controlled trial standard checklist. CASP checklists Oxford, 1–7. Retrieved from http://www.casp-uk.net

  16. Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Jüni, P., Moher, D., & Oxman, A. D. (2011). The cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Maia, N., Tal, G., Alana, F. O., Adam, M. M., Limor, C., Evan, L. B., Roey, L., Chih-Ping, M., Yongfei, C., Jun, Z., Jared, E. F., Blake, M. H., Timothy, M. C., Bing, C., Aaron, G. S., Galit, A., Richelle, C. C., Edward, T. R., & Walt, D. R. (2020). Ultrasensitive high-resolution profiling of early seroconversion in patients with COVID-19. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 4(12), 1180–1187. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-020-00611-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Amanat, F., Stadlbauer, D., Strohmeier, S., Nguyen, T. H. O., Chromikova, V., McMahon, M., Jiang, K., Arunkumar, G. A., Jurczyszak, D., Polanco, J., Bermudez-Gonzalez, M., Kleiner, G., Aydillo, T., Miorin, L., Fierer, D. S., Lugo, L. A., Kojic, E. M., Stoever, J., & Krammer, F. (2020). A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. Nature Medicine, 26(7), 1033–1036. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. (2020). Development and licensure of vaccines to prevent COVID-19, Guidance for industry. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download

  20. Mulligan, M. J., Lyke, K. E., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Raabe, V., Bailey, R., Swanson, K. A., Li, P., Koury, K., Kalina, W., Cooper, D., Fontes-Garfias, C., Shi, P.-Y., Türeci, Ö., Tompkins, K. R., Edward, E. W., … Jansen, K. U. (2020). Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults. Nature, 586(7830), 589–593. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2639-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Follmann, D., Neuzil, K. M., August, A., Clouting, H., Fortier, G., Deng, W., Han, S., Zhao, X., Leav, B., Talarico, C., Girard, B., Paila, Y. D., Tomassini, J. E., Schödel, F., Pajon, R., Zhou, H., & Miller, J. (2021). Covid-19 in the phase 3 trial of mRNA-1273 during the delta-variant surge. medRxiv : The Preprint Server for Health Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.17.21263624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. El Sahly, H. M., Baden, L. R., Essink, B., Montefiori, D., McDermont, A., Rupp, R., Lewis, M., Swaminathan, S., Griffin, C., Fragoso, V., Miller, V. E., Girard, B., Paila, Y. D., Deng, W., Tomassini, J. E., Paris, R., Schödel, F., Das, R., August, A., & Pajon, R. (2022). Humoral immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in the phase 3 coronavirus efficacy (COVE) trial. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 226(11), 1731–1742. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Thomas, S. J., Moreira, E. D., Jr., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Polack, F. P., Zerbini, C., Bailey, R., Swanson, K. A., Xu, X., Roychoudhury, S., Koury, K., Bouguermouh, S., Kalina, W. V., Cooper, D., Frenck, R. W., Jr., & Jansen, K. U. (2021). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 Months. New England Journal of Medicine, 385, 1761–1773. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2110345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sahin, U., Muik, A., Vogler, I., Derhovanessian, E., Kranz, L. M., Vormehr, M., Quandt, J., Bidmon, N., Ulges, A., Baum, A., Pascal, K. E., Maurus, D., Brachtendorf, S., Lörks, V., Sikorski, J., Koch, P., Hilker, R., Becker, D., Eller, A.-K., & Türeci, Ö. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses. Nature, 595(7868), 572–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03653-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kremsner, P. G., Mann, P., Kroidl, A., Leroux-Roels, I., Schindler, C., Gabor, J. J., Schunk, M., Leroux-Roels, G., Bosch, J. J., Fendel, R., Kreidenweiss, A., Velavan, T. P., Fotin-Mleczek, M., Mueller, S. O., Quintini, G., Schönborn-Kellenberger, O., Vahrenhorst, D., Verstraeten, T., Alves de Mesquita, M., & Oostvogels, L. (2021). Safety and immunogenicity of an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 133, 931–941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-021-01922-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., Bailey, R., Swanson, K. A., Roychoudhury, S., Koury, K., Li, P., Kalina, W. V., Cooper, D., Frenck, R. W., Jr., Hammitt, L. L., & Gruber, W. C. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(27), 2603–2615. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mammen, P. M., Jr., Tebas, P., Agnes, J., Giffear, M., Kraynyak, K. A., Blackwood, E., Amante, D., Reuschel, E. L., Purwar, M., Christensen-Quick, A., Liu, N., Andrade, V. M., Carter, J., Garufi, G., Diehl, M. C., Sylvester, A., Morrow, M. P., Pezzoli, P., Kulkarni, A. J., & Humeau, L. M. (2021). Safety and immunogenicity of INO-4800 DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary report of a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 clinical trial in adults at high risk of viral exposure. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.07.21256652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Orozco, N. M., Noah, V., Alan, M., Talya, A., Lawrence, R., Yuko, A., Reuben, S., Queenie, H., Anne-Claude, G., Brad, S., Marcusson, Eric G., & Piyush, P. (2022). Phase Istudy of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine PTX-COVID19-B. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.06.22274690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kremsner, P. G., Ahuad Guerrero, R. A., Arana-Arri, E., Aroca Martinez, G. J., Bonten, M., Chandler, R., Corral, G., De Block, E. J. L., Ecker, L., Gabor, J. J., Garcia Lopez, C. A., Gonzales, L., Granados González, M. A., Gorini, N., Grobusch, M. P., Hrabar, A. D., Junker, H., Kimura, A., & Lanata, C. F. (2021). Efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate in ten countries in Europe and Latin America (HERALD): A randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(3), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00677-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. World Health Organization. Vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and protection. (2022). Retrieved March 14, 2023, From https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/vaccine-efficacy-effectiveness-and-protection

Download references

Acknowledgements

The members and staff of the Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training (CAMRET), Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto are highly appreciated for their various contributions to the success of this paper. The first author acknowledges CAMRET for being a beneficiary of its postgraduate scholarship award.

Funding

No grant was received for this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria

    Dahiru Hafiz Karofi, Nafi’u Lawal & Muhammad Bashir Bello

  2. Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria

    Dahiru Hafiz Karofi, Nafi’u Lawal, Muhammad Bashir Bello & Mustapha Umar Imam

  3. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria

    Mustapha Umar Imam

Authors
  1. Dahiru Hafiz Karofi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nafi’u Lawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Bashir Bello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mustapha Umar Imam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mustapha Umar Imam.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 44 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karofi, D.H., Lawal, N., Bello, M.B. et al. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines Against COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Mol Biotechnol 66, 3438–3448 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00965-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00965-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation