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Heavy Metal Pollution in Aquaculture: Sources, Impacts and Mitigation Techniques

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Abstract

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing agro-industries as it presently accounts for nearly 50% of all fish for direct human consumption and 43% of total seafood supply. Fish provide about 20% average daily intake of animal protein for about 3.2 billion people globally. The treatment of aquaculture in recent years for the mitigation of heavy metals and other contaminants has been gaining traction due to the benefits of aquaculture to both man and the environment. This paper provides a review of the sources, impacts, and the various methods that have been deployed in recent years by various researchers for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated aquaculture. Related works of literature were obtained and compiled from academic search databases and were carefully analysed in this study. The dangers these metals pose to the sustainability of aquaculture were studied in this review. Studies indicate that some heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium, due to their long-term persistence in the environment, allow them to accumulate in the food chain. Mitigation techniques such as adsorption, bio-sorption, and phytoremediation have been deployed for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated aquaculture. Some research gaps were also highlighted which could form the basis for future research, such as research centred on the effects of these metals on the embryonic development of aquaculture organisms and the alterations the metals caused in their stages of development.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria

    Ebuka Chizitere Emenike & Kingsley O. Iwuozor

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, P. M. B. 1029, Lagos, Nigeria

    Stella Ukamaka Anidiobi

  3. Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology, Lagos, Nigeria

    Stella Ukamaka Anidiobi

Authors
  1. Ebuka Chizitere Emenike
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  2. Kingsley O. Iwuozor
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  3. Stella Ukamaka Anidiobi
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Ebuka Chizitere Emenike, conceptualization; methodology; data curation; writing — original draft; writing — review and editing; validation; supervision.

Kingsley O. Iwuozor, conceptualization; methodology; writing — original draft; writing — review and editing; validation.

Stella Ukamaka Anidiobi, writing — original draft; writing — review and editing; validation.

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Correspondence to Ebuka Chizitere Emenike or Kingsley O. Iwuozor.

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Emenike, E.C., Iwuozor, K.O. & Anidiobi, S.U. Heavy Metal Pollution in Aquaculture: Sources, Impacts and Mitigation Techniques. Biol Trace Elem Res 200, 4476–4492 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-03037-x

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