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A knowledge-based algorithm for automatic detection of cephalometric landmarks on CBCT images

  • Original Article
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International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is now an established component for 3D evaluation and treatment planning of patients with severe malocclusion and craniofacial deformities. Precision landmark plotting on 3D images for cephalometric analysis requires considerable effort and time, notwithstanding the experience of landmark plotting, which raises a need to automate the process of 3D landmark plotting. Therefore, knowledge-based algorithm for automatic detection of landmarks on 3D CBCT images has been developed and tested.

Methods

A knowledge-based algorithm was developed in the MATLAB programming environment to detect 20 cephalometric landmarks. For the automatic detection, landmarks that are physically adjacent to each other were clustered into groups and were extracted through a volume of interest (VOI). Relevant contours were detected in the VOI and landmarks were detected using corresponding mathematical entities. The standard data for validation were generated using manual marking carried out by three orthodontists on a dataset of 30 CBCT images as a reference.

Results

Inter-observer ICC for manual landmark identification was found to be excellent (\(>\)0.9) amongst three observers. Euclidean distances between the coordinates of manual identification and automatic detection through the proposed algorithm of each landmark were calculated. The overall mean error for the proposed method was 2.01 mm with a standard deviation of 1.23 mm for all the 20 landmarks. The overall landmark detection accuracy was recorded at 64.67, 82.67 and 90.33 % within 2-, 3- and 4-mm error range of manual marking, respectively.

Conclusions

The proposed knowledge-based algorithm for automatic detection of landmarks on 3D images was able to achieve relatively accurate results than the currently available algorithm.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge National Informatics Centre (NIC), Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), New Delhi, as a funding agency in partial support of this research work. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Shilpa Kalra and Dr. Sushma Chaurasia from All India Institute of Medical Sciences—Centre for Dental Education and Research, New Delhi, India, for manual plotting of cephalometric landmarks on the dataset used in this study.

Conflict of interest

Abhishek Gupta, Om Prakash Kharbanda, Viren Sardana and Harish Kumar Sardana would like to declare that a provisional Indian patent has been filed for the proposed algorithm and US/PCT filing is in progress.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India

    Abhishek Gupta & Harish Kumar Sardana

  2. CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, 160030, India

    Abhishek Gupta, Viren Sardana & Harish Kumar Sardana

  3. Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India

    Om Prakash Kharbanda & Rajiv Balachandran

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  1. Abhishek Gupta
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Correspondence to Harish Kumar Sardana.

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Gupta, A., Kharbanda, O.P., Sardana, V. et al. A knowledge-based algorithm for automatic detection of cephalometric landmarks on CBCT images. Int J CARS 10, 1737–1752 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-015-1173-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-015-1173-6

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