Abstract
Geomorphometry, the science of digital terrain analysis (DTA), is an important focus of research in both geomorphology and geographical information science (GIS). Given that 70% of China is mountainous, geomorphological research is popular among Chinese scholars, and the development of GIS over the last 30 years has led to significant advances in geomorphometric research. In this paper, we review Chinese progress in geomorphometry based on the published literature. There are three major areas of progress: digital terrain modelling methods, DTA methods, and applications of digital terrain models (DTMs). First, traditional vector- and raster-based terrain modelling methods, including the assessment of uncertainty, have received widespread attention. New terrain modelling methods such as unified raster and vector, high-fidelity, and real-time dynamic geographical scene modelling have also attracted research attention and are now a major focus of digital terrain modelling research. Second, in addition to the popular DTA methods based on topographical derivatives, geomorphological features, and hydrological factors extracted from DTMs, DTA methods have been extended to include analyses of the structure of underlying strata, ocean surface features and even socioeconomic spatial structures. Third, DTMs have been applied to fields including global climate change, analysis of various typical regions, lunar surface and other related fields. Clearly, Chinese scholars have made significant progress in geomorphometry. Chinese scholars have had the greatest international impact in areas including high-fidelity digital terrain modelling and DTM-based regional geomorphological analysis, particularly in the Loess Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau regions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ai T H, Zhu G R, Zhang G S, 2003. Extraction of landform features and organization of valley tree structure based on Delaunay Triangulation Model. Journal of Remote Sensing, 7(4): 292–298. (in Chinese)
Bai S B, Lv G N, Sheng Y H et al., 2005. Analysis of landslide causative factors using GIS in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 23(1): 63–70. (in Chinese)
Bi L S, He H L, Xu Y R et al., 2011. The extraction of knick point series based on the high resolution DEM data and the identification of paleo-earthquake series: A case study of the Huoshan MTS. Piedmont Fault. Seismology and Geology, 33(4): 963–977. (in Chinese)
Bi R T, Du J Y, Chai Y F, 2013. A study on soil diversity in Sushui River Based on the DEM. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 44(2): 266–270. (in Chinese)
CAO M, Tang G A, Zhang F et al., 2013. A cellular automata model for simulating the evolution of positive-negative terrains in a small loess watershed. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 27(7): 1349–1363. (in Chinese)
Chang Y Q, Liu J P, 1998. Realization of practical integrating raster with vector technology in GIS. Journal of Image and Graphics, 3(6): 490–493. (in Chinese)
Chen B W, Lu Y Q, Ke W Q et al., 2015. Analysis on the measuring of the relationship between transportation accessibility and level of regional economic growth in Jiangsu: Based on spatial econometric perspective. Geographical Research, 34(12): 2283–2294. (in Chinese)
Chen C F, 2012. Grid based DEM construction by means of coons patch. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 32(4): 87–89. (in Chinese)
Chen C F, Yue T X, 2010. A method of DEM construction and related error analysis. Computers & Geosciences, 36(6): 717–725.
Chen J L, Wu W, Liu H B, 2008. Effect of DEM interpolation on the slope and aspect. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 15(6): 14–17. (in Chinese)
Chen M, Lin H, Wen Y N et al., 2012. Sino-virtual moon: A 3D web platform using Chang’e-1 data for collaborative research. Planetary and Space Science, 65(1): 130–136.
Chen M, Lin H, Wen Y N et al., 2013. Construction of a virtual lunar environment platform. International Journal of Digital Earth, 6(5): 469–482.
Chen M, Wen Y N, Yue S S, 2015. A progressive transmission strategy for GIS vector data under the precondition of pixel losslessness. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(6): 3461–3475.
Chen X, Li Q, Wang Y J et al., 2009. The critical cluster model and its application in accessibility assessment of public bus network. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(6): 693–700. (in Chinese)
Chen Y G, Tang G A, Zhou Y et al., 2012. The positive and negative terrain of loess plateau extraction based on the multi-azimuth DEM shaded relief. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 32(1): 105–107. (in Chinese)
Chen Y L, Liu D Y, 2001. A new method for automatic extraction of ridge and valley axes from DEM. Journal of Image and Graphics, 6(12): 1230–1234.
Chen Y, Zhou Q, Li S et al., 2014. The simulation of surface flow dynamics using a flow-path network model. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 28(11): 2242–2260.
Chen Z, 2011. GPU-based terrain rendering in Chinese painting style [D]. Changchun: Jilin University. (in Chinese)
Cheng D, Yang Q, Zhang Y B et al., 2007. Three-dimensional geological modeling based on hydro sections. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 33(11): 1362–1366. (in Chinese)
Cheng L, Tong L H, Li M C et al., 2013. Semi-automatic registration of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning data using building corner matching with boundaries as reliability check. Remote Sensing, 5(12): 6260–6283. (in Chinese)
Cheng Y P, Shi J S, Yang Z J et al., 2010. Control of ancient landform on rock-soil erosion in loess area. Arid Land Geography, 33(3): 334–339. (in Chinese)
Cui P, 2014. Progress and prospects in research on mountain hazards in China. Progress in Geography, 33(2): 145–152. (in Chinese)
Ding X Z, Hank Y, Han T L et al., 2012. Compilation of the geological map of Sinus Iridum Quadrangle of the Moon (LQ-4). Earth Science Frontiers, 19(6): 15–27. (in Chinese)
Dong J, Peng R C, Zheng Y D, 2013. An improved algorithm of point-by-point interpolation by using local dynamic optimal Delaunay triangulation network. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 38(5): 613–617. (in Chinese)
Dong Y F, Tang G A, 2012. Research on quantification model for elevation point's terrain information based on DEMs. Geographical Research, 31(10): 1825–1836. (in Chinese)
Dong Z L, Zhang G F, Jia J Y et al., 2014. Efficient keyframe-based real-time camera tracking. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 118(2): 97–110.
Du M, Li M H, Yan P et al., 2009. Quality control of full digital photographic surveying on DEM production. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 32(4): 222–224. (in Chinese)
Florinsky IV, 2017. Spheroidal equal angular DEMs: The specificity of morphometric treatment. Transactions in GIS. doi: 10.1111/tgis.12269.
Fu B J, Zhao W W, Chen L D et al., 2005. Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS: A case study in the Loess Plateau of China. Land Degradation & Development, 16(1): 73–85. (in Chinese)
Gao C, Jin G J, 2012. Effect of DEM resolution of results of the SWIM hydrological model in the Changtaiguan Basin. Geographical Research, 31(3): 399–408. (in Chinese)
Gao J F, Han C L, 1999. Polders in Taihu Lake region and its effects on floods. Journal of Lake Sciences, 11(2): 105–109. (in Chinese)
Gao M X, Liu S F, 2013. Pleistocene paleosurface reconstruction and Holocene erosion quantity calculation for Guide-Gonghe-Tongde basin complex, Qinghai. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 25(1): 99–104. (in Chinese)
Gao Y P, 2010. Research on the DEM modeling methods of plain river network area [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University. (in Chinese)
Gong J Y, 1992. A unified data structure based on linear quastrees. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 21(4): 259–266.
Guo F, Liu X R, Ren L L, 2000. A topography based hydrological model: TopModel and its widened application. Advances in Water Science, 11(3): 296–301. (in Chinese)
Guo H, Gong W F, Kong D, 2009. DEM-based quantitative analysis of soil erosion: A case study of Maoershan region. Journal of Natural Disasters, 18(3): 139–145. (in Chinese)
Guo Y J, Pan M W Z et al., 2009. Based on drilling data and constraints of intersected folded cross-sections. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 225(2): 23–26. (in Chinese)
Han H H, Gao T, Yi H et al., 2012. Extraction of relief amplitude based on change point method: A case study on Tibetan Plateau. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 32(1): 101–104. (in Chinese)
Hao C Y, Xu C Y, Wu S H, 2009. Total solar radiation spatialization in mountainous region based on DEM and climatological calculation. Resources Science, 31(6): 1031–1039. (in Chinese)
He S J, Chen J P, Li K et al., 2012. The morphological classification and distribution characteristics of the craters in the LQ-4 Area. Earth Science Frontiers, 19(6): 83–89. (in Chinese)
He W H, Yang X, Tang G A et al., 2012. Research on sky view factor in urban area based on urban digital elevation model: A case study of Nanjing old city. Journal of Geo-information Science, 14(1): 94–100. (in Chinese)
Hengl T, Reuter H I, 2008. Geomorphometry: Concepts, Software, Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 772.
Hu H, Yang C Y, Hu P, 2007b. Optimal linear method for DEM generation: MADEM. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 35(6): 118–121. (in Chinese)
Hu J P, Wang X Y, Liu X J, 2014. A method of abnormal behavior detection in interrogation room based on video analysis combined with micro-spatial environment. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 16(4): 545–552. (in Chinese)
Hu P, Yang C Y, Wu Y L et al., 2007a. New Methods, Principles and Applications of Digital Elevation Model. Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press, 56–58. (in Chinese)
Huang P Z, 2001. A new method for extracting terrain feature lines from digitized terrain data. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 26(3): 247–252. (in Chinese)
Huang Q, Ping J S, Su X L et al., 2009. New features of the moon revealed and identified by CLTM-s01. Science China Series G, 39(10): 1362–1370. (in Chinese)
Huang S Y, Wang L C, Chen X L et al., 2011. A semi-distributed hydrological model and its application based on a plain river-net area. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 20 (Z1): 44–50. (in Chinese)
Huang W, Deng C, Day M J, 2014b. Differentiating tower karst (fenglin) and cockpit karst (fengcong) using DEM contour, slope, and centroid. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72(2): 407–416. doi: 101007/s12665-013-2961-3.
Ji Y P, Gao H S, Pan B T et al., 2011. Implication of active structure in the upper reaches of Weihe river basin from stream length-gradient index (SL index) and Hack profile. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 47(4): 1–6.
Jia J J, Lv G N, Song Z Y et al., 2000. Simulation of mechanisms for the tidal wave system in marginal seas, eastern China. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 31(2): 159–167. (in Chinese)
Jia Y, Li Z, 2014. Reconstruction of dense point cloud using space-patch model from sequence images. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 39(12): 1430–1434. (in Chinese)
Jiang H B, Zhang W Z, Qi Y et al., 2013. Research progress on accessibility to regional transportation infrastructure. Progress in Geography, 32(5): 807–817. (in Chinese)
Jiang H Q, Zhang G F, Dong Z L et al., 2008. Fast interactive scene modeling from an image sequence. Journal of Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics, 20(9): 1196–2003. (in Chinese)
Jiang L, Tang G A, Zhao M W et al., 2013. Extraction and analysis of loess gully heads considering geomorphological structures. Geographical Research, 32(11): 2153–2162. (in Chinese)
Jin C, Lu Y Q, Fan L L, 2010. Research on accessibility of scenic spots in the Yangtze River Delta based on land traffic network. Journal of Natural Resources, 25(2): 258–269.
Jin H L, Kang J R, Gao J X, 2006. Research on the algorithm of extracting ridge and valley lines using contour data. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 30(9): 809–812. (in Chinese)
Kong J, Song Z Y, Zhang J S et al., 2008. Research of the effluence of tidal level on wind drag stress coefficient in-storm surge model. Marine Forecasts, 25(1): 74–79. (in Chinese)
Kong Y P, Fang L, Jiang Y L et al., 2012. A new method of extracting terrain feature lines by morphology. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 37(8): 996–999. (in Chinese)
Kong Y P, Yi W, Zhang Y P, 2013. Extracting saddle point fast based on topological relationship. Computer Engineering and Applications, 49(16): 165–167. (in Chinese)
Lan H X, Wu F Q, Zhou C H et al., 2002. Analysis on susceptibility of GIS based landslide triggering factors in Yunnan Xiaojiang watershed. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 21(10): 1500–1506. (in Chinese)
Lang L L, Cheng W M, Zhu Q J et al., 2007. A comparative analysis of the multi-criteria DEM extracted relief: Taking Fujian low mountainous region as an example. Geo-Information Science, 9(6): 1–6, 135–136. (in Chinese)
Li A B, Zhou L C, Lv G N, 2013. Geological Information System. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
Li C L, Liu J J, Ren X et al., 2010. The global image of the moon by the Chang’e-1: Data processing and lunar cartography. Science China Earth Sciences, 40(3): 294–306. (in Chinese)
Li D R, Chen X Y, 1990. Auto-generation of DTM triangulation based on mathematical morphology. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 19(3): 161–172. (in Chinese)
Li D R, Liu L K, Shao Z F, 2015. An integration of aerial oblique photogrammetry and mobile mapping system for urban geographical conditions monitoring. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 40(1): 427–435. (in Chinese)
Li F Y, Tang G A, 2006. DEM based research on the terrain driving force of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. In: Gong Jianya, Zhang Jingxiong eds. Geoinformatics 2006: Geospatial Information Science, Proc. of SPIE Spie, 6420: 64201W-64201W-864201W. (in Chinese)
Li J, Sheng Y H, Zhang K et al., 2014. Image matching of variable circular domain compass features. Optics and Precision Engineering, 522(5): 1339–1346. (in Chinese)
Li P H, Lu Y Q, 2005. Review and prospectation of accessibility research. Progress in Geography, 24(3): 69–78. (in Chinese)
Li S, Lai Z Q, Wang Q et al., 2013. Distributed simulation for hydrological process in plain river network region using SWAT model. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 29(6): 106–112. (in Chinese)
Li Y, Yang B, Yang Z Q, 2013. Extraction of ridge lines and valley lines from mountainous LiDAR ground point cloud. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 33(3): 111–115. (in Chinese)
Li Z L, Xu Z X, Li Z J, 2011. Performance of WASMOD and SWAT on hydrological simulation in Yingluoxia watershed in northwest of China. Hydrological Process, 25(13): 2001–2008. (in Chinese)
Li Z L, Xu Z X, Shao Q X et al., 2009. Parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis of SWAT model in upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Hydrological Process, 23(19): 2744–2753. (in Chinese)
Li Z W, Wang Z Y, Li Y F et al., 2012. Planform geometry characteristics of typical meandering rivers in Yellow River Source. Journal of Sediment Research, (4): 11–17.
Liang F, Xu B, 2014. Discrimination of tower-, cockpit-, and non-karst landforms in Guilin, southern China, based on morphometric characteristics. Geomorphology, 204(1): 42–48.
Liang Y, Sheng Y H, Zhang K, 2013. Method on 3D dense point cloud recovery of geographical scene. Advanced Materials Research, 748: 619–623.
Liao M, Zhou L C, Lv G N et al., 2014. Theoretical analysis of the geometric relations between human stereo visional space and virtual 3D space. Computer Engineering and Science, 636(6): 1120–1126. (in Chinese)
Lin B X, Zhou L C, Lv G N, 2013. A 3D geological model construction approach based on virtual boreholes. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 15(5): 672–679. (in Chinese)
Lin H, Lv G N, Song Z Y et al., 1997. Study on modeling the tide wave system of East China Sea with GIS. Acta Geographica Sinica, 52(Suppl.1): 161–169. (in Chinese)
Ling L, Burnett I S, Cheng E, 2012. A dense 3D reconstruction approach from uncalibrated video sequences. Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expro Workshops, Melbourne, Australia, 49(1): 587–592.
Liu C F, Li X M, Han D, 2010. Accessibility analysis of urban parks: Methods and key issues. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(19): 5381–5390. (in Chinese)
Liu C M, Li D F, Tian Y et al., 2003. An application study of DEM based distributed hydrological model on macroscale watershed. Process in Geography, 22(5): 437–445. (in Chinese)
Liu D, Liu X J, Wang M Z, 2014. Automatic approach of lens radial distortion correction based on vanishing points. Journal of Image and Graphics, 319(3): 407–413. (in Chinese)
Liu H Y, Dongye G L, 2004. Research on the application of DEM in area soil erosion. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 26(1): 73–76. (in Chinese)
Liu K Z, Liu J, Feng X S, 2005. A kind of virtual implementation method of benthos terrain and current. Journal of System Simulation, 17(5): 1268–1271. (in Chinese)
Liu K, Tang G A, Tao Y et al., 2012. GLCM based quantitative analysis of terrain texture from DEMs. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 14(6): 751–760. (in Chinese)
Liu P J, Zhu Q K, Wu D L et al., 2006. Automated extraction of shoulder line of valleys based on flow paths from grid Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 28(4): 72–76. (in Chinese)
Liu R J, Zhu H C, Tang G A et al., 2012A. Study of potential factor for water erosion on loess hillslope based on DEMs. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 32(5): 161–165. (in Chinese)
Liu S C, Zhang W C, Gao M F et al., 2007. Simulation of land surface evapotraspiration using distributed hydrological model, remote sensing and GIS technology. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 27(3): 354–358. (in Chinese)
Liu T, Zhao J M, Gong D H et al., 2013. Energy accumulation based method for stream knickpoints extraction. Groundwater, 35(6): 159–160. (in Chinese)
Liu X J, Gong J Y, 2001. Delaunay triangulation of constrained data set. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 30(1): 82–88. (in Chinese)
Liu X J, Zhang P, Zhu Y et al., 2009. Suitable window size of terrain parameters derived from grid-based DEM. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 38(3): 264–271. (in Chinese)
Liu Y, Wang Y X, Pan B T, 1999. A preliminary approach on the 3D presentation and quantitative analysis of planation surface. Geographical Research, 18(4): 391–399. (in Chinese)
Liu Z P, He H J, Zhu F H, 2009. Study of technology of fast 3D modeling and visualization based on borehole data. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 30(Suppl.1): 260–266. (in Chinese)
Liu Z Y, Zhang X, Fang R H, 2010. Analysis of spatial interpolation methods to precipitation in Yulin based on DEM. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Nat. Sci. Ed.), 38(7): 227–234. (in Chinese)
Long E, Cheng W M, Xiao F et al., 2007. Extraction of landform information in Changbai Mountains based on SSRTM-DEM and TM data. Journal of Mountain Science, 25(5): 557–565. (in Chinese)
Long S C, Liu W B, Lin J et al., 2011. Improvement in DEM and DLG of JieXi4 Digital Photogrammetry System. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2: 12–16. (in Chinese)
Luo M L, 2008. Research on terrain feature point cluster based on DEMs [D]. Chengdu: The Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. (in Chinese)
Luo Y X, Su B L, Zhang Q et al., 2013. Identifying and modeling confined hydrological processes in plain polders. Resources Science, 35(3): 594–600. (in Chinese)
Lv G N, Qian Y D, Chen Z M, 1998. Study of automated extraction of shoulder line of valley from grid digital elevation data. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 18(6): 567–573. (in Chinese)
Lv Y, 1981. Research of polyhedral function in digital elevation model. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2: 14–27. (in Chinese)
Ma H B, Guo J T, 2007. Study on facial-volumetric mixed 3D geological modeling based on sections. Metal Mine, 372(7): 50–52. (in Chinese)
Ma L B, Cao X S, 2008. A computing method of spatial accessibility based on Heuristic A* algorithms and grids partition. Geographical Research, 27(1): 93–99. (in Chinese)
Ma R A, Yang J Y, Wang H Y, 2003. Volume rendering model and algorithm applied to seismic data visualization. Computer Engineering and Applications, 39(22): 226–228. (in Chinese)
Meng D Y, Lu Y Q, Li X J et al., 2014. Impact of expressway network construction on the regional accessibility in the Yangtze River Delta. Tropical Geography, 34(5): 643–654. (in Chinese)
Miao L L, Fang C Y, Pan Y J et al., 2015. The entirely accessibility analysis of highway network in Jinggangshan Scenic Region. Economic Geography, 35 (3): 178–184. (in Chinese)
Ming J, Pan M, Qu H G et al., 2008. Three-dimensional geological multi-body modeling from netlike cross-sections with topology. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 30(9): 1376–1382. (in Chinese)
Mo S G, Zhang B P, 2007. Simulation of temperature fields based on DEM in Qinling Mts. Journal of Mountain Science, 25(4): 406–411. (in Chinese)
Mo Z N, 2001. Analysis on the hydrological characteristics and water stage forecasting of the diked area. Journal of China Hydrology, 21(4): 35–37 (in Chinese)
Pan J H, Liu Y, 2014. Measurements for spatial field of cities at prefecture level or above in China based on accessibility and field-strength model. Human Geography, 29(1): 80–88.
Pan J H, Liu Y, 2014. Measurements for spatial field of cities at prefecture level or above in China based on accessibility and field-strength model. Human Geography, 29(1): 80–88. (in Chinese)
Pan Y Z, Gong D Y, Deng L et al., 2004. Smart distance searching-based and DEM-informed interpolation of surface air temperature in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 6(3): 366–374. (in Chinese)
Qin C Z, Yang L, Zhu A X et al., 2006. Computation method of topographic wetness index in low relief area. Progress In Geography, 25(6): 87–93. (in Chinese)
Qin C Z, Zhu A X, Pei T et al., 2007. An adaptive approach to selecting a flow-partition exponent for a multiple-flow-direction algorithm. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(4): 443–458.
Qiu L J, Zheng F L, Yin R S et al., 2012. Effects of DEM resolution and watershed subdivision on hydrological simulation in the Xingzihe watershed. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32(12): 3754–3763. (in Chinese)
Qiu X F, Zeng Y, Liu S M, 2005. Distributed modeling of extraterrestrial solar radiation over rugged terrains. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 48(5): 1028–1033. (in Chinese)
Ren L L, Liu X R, 2000. Hydrological process modeling based on digital elevation model. Geographical Research, 19(4): 369–376. (in Chinese)
Shen J H, Lu Y Q, Lan X J et al., 2012. Assessment on accessibility of regional comprehensive transport: A case study of Anhui. Geographical Research, 31(7): 1280–1293. (in Chinese)
Song X D, Tang G A, Li F Y et al., 2013. Extraction of loess shoulder-line based on the parallel GVF snake model in the loess hilly area of China. Computers & Geosciences, 52(1): 11–20.
Song Z Y, Yan Y X, Xue H C et al., 1998. Study on the development of hydrodynamic mechanism of the radiation sandbar in the South Yellow Sea: II. The facade features of tidal movement. Science in China (Series D), 28(5): 411-41728-34. (in Chinese)
Sun C B, Xie X S, Jiang W L, 2012. Distribution of the knickpoints in fluvial gullies in response to the events of Holocene fault activity: A case study of the Jiaocheng fault in Shanxi. Seismology and Geology, 34(2): 254–267. (in Chinese)
Sun J L, 2011. Research on the loess slope-landscape structure based on DEM: Case study in Shanbei Loess Plateau [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University. (in Chinese)
Sun Z R, Yin H W, Kong F H, 2012. Study on different calculation methods of park accessibility. China Population Resources and Environment, 22(5): 162–165. (in Chinese)
Tang G A, 2014. Progress of DEM and digital terrain analysis in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 69(9): 1305–1325. (in Chinese)
Tang G A, Li F Y, Liu X J et al., 2008. Research on the slope spectrum of the Loess Plateau. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, 51(1): 175–185. (in Chinese)
Tang G A, Liu X J, Lv G N, 2005. Principle and Methodology of Digital Elevation Model and Its Geo-analysis. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
Tao Y, Tang G A, Wang C et al., 2010. Uncertainty of terrain information content based on grid DEM. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 30(3): 398–402. (in Chinese)
Tao Y, Tang G A, Wang C, 2011. Assessment on surface roughness models based on semantics and profile characteristics matching. Geographical Research, 30(6): 1066–1076. (in Chinese)
Tian Y, Xiang Y, Gao F et al., 2013. Automatic and fast 3D true city production based on pictometry oblique photogrammetry technology. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, (2): 59–63. (in Chinese)
Wan M, Xiong L H, Dong L H, 2010. Grid DEM-based distribution hydrological modeling for Feilaixia Watershed. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 43(5): 549–553. (in Chinese)
Wang C, Tang G A, Liu X J et al., 2009. The model of terrain features preserved in grid DEM. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 34(10): 1149–1154. (in Chinese)
Wang C, Teng Y H, 2010. Design and application of integrated raster and vector data structure. Computer Engineering, 36(20): 88–89. (in Chinese)
Wang J C, 2015. Airborne LiDAR and photogrammetry matching application technology in the production of DEM. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 5: 128–129. (in Chinese)
Wang J Y, Cui T J, Miao G Q, 2004. Digital elevation model and data structure. Hydrographic Surveying and Charting, 24(13): 1–4. (in Chinese)
Wang L L, Li Z J, Bao H J, 2007. Application of hydrological models based on DEM in the Yihe Basin. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, S1: 417–422. (in Chinese)
Wang L, Tang G A, Liu X J et al., 2004. Terrain complexity index and its derivation from DEMs. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 24(4): 55–58. (in Chinese)
Wang L, Yang Q K, Long Y Q et al., 2013. Determining DEMs’ resolution with digital photogrammetric data. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 33(5): 152–155. (in Chinese)
Wang M Z, Liu X J, Liu D, 2014. Unified computing method for camera calibration using multiple geometric constraints in single view. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, (2): 42–45, 79. (in Chinese)
Wang P, 2006. Study and application of non-point source pollution model of river network area based on digital basin system [D]. Nanjing: Hohai University, 2006. (in Chinese)
Wang W, Song Z Y, Lu W G et al., 2008. A theoretical analysis of the responses of coast tidal range to sea level rise. The Ocean Engineering, 26(3): 94–97. (in Chinese)
Wang Y G, Zhu C Q, Wang Z W, 2008. A surface model of grid DEM based on coons surface. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 37(2): 217–222. (in Chinese)
Wang Y M, Guo M, 2012. A combined 2D and 3D spatial indexing of very large point-cloud data sets. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 41(8): 605–612. (in Chinese)
Wang Y M, Hu C M, 2012. A robust registration method for terrestrial LiDAR point clouds and texture image. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 41(2): 266–272. (in Chinese)
Wang Y T, Chen X W, Bo Y C et al., 2010. Monitoring glacier volume change based on multi-source DEM and multi-temporal remote sensing images. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1: 126–132. (in Chinese)
Wang Y, Xue S, Pan M et al., 2003. An automatic 3D vector data creation algorithm based on topology of section. Computer Engineering and Applications, 25(5): 1–2. (in Chinese)
Wang Y, Zhu C Q, Shi W Z, 2000. Application of B Spline and smoothing spline on interpolating the DEM based on rectangular grid. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 29(3): 240–244. (in Chinese)
Wang Z G, Liu C M, Zuo Q T et al., 2002. Methods of constructing distributed hydrological model based on DEM. Progress in Geography, 21(5): 430–439. (in Chinese)
Wu L X, Chen X X, Che D F et al., 2007. A GTP-based entity model for underground real 3D integral representation. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 32(4): 331–335. (in Chinese)
Wu Q, Xu H, Zou X, 2005. An effective method for 3D geological modeling with multi-source data integration. Computers & Geosciences, 31(1): 35–43.
Wu X F, Wang Z G, Liu C M et al., 2002. Digital rainfall-runoff model based on DEM: The application to Xiaolangdi-Huayuankou Section of the Yellow River Basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 57(6): 671–678. (in Chinese)
Xiao J X, Fang T, Zhao P et al., 2009. Image-based street-side city modeling. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 28(5): 114.1–114.12.
Xie S P, Du J K, Wang L C, 2005. Methods for processing depression and flat areas in extracting drainage networks based on the DEM. Advances in Water Science, 16(4): 535–540. (in Chinese)
Xie Y Q, Tang G A, Jiang L, 2013. Characteristics and correcting methods of errors in extraction of SOA based on DEMs. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 29(2): 49–53. (in Chinese)
Xiong L Y, Tang G A, Josef S et al., 2016a. Paleotopographic controls on loess deposition in the Loess Plateau of China. Earth Surface Processes & Landforms, 41: 1155–1168.
Xiong L Y, Tang G A, Li F Y et al., 2014a. Modeling the evolution of loess-covered landforms in the Loess Plateau of China using a DEM of underground bedrock surface. Geomorphology, 209(1): 18–26.
Xiong L Y, Tang G A, Yan S J et al., 2014c. Landform-oriented flow-routing algorithm for the dual-structure loess terrain based on digital elevation models. Hydrological Processes, 28(4): 1756–1766.
Xiong L Y, Tang G A, Yan S J, 2013. Grading extraction method of saddles based on DEM. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 38(2): 181–183. (in Chinese)
Xiong L Y, Tang G A, Yuan B Y et al., 2014b. Geomorphological inheritance for loess landform evolution in a severe soil erosion region of Loess Plateau of China based on digital elevation models. Science China Earth Sciences, 57(8): 1944–1952.
Xiong L Y, Tang G A, Zhu A X et al., 2016b. Landform-derived placement of electrical resistivity prospecting for paleotopography reconstruction in the loess landforms of China. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 131: 1–13.
Xiong L Y, Tang G A, Zhu A X et al., 2017b. Paleotopographic controls on modern gully evolution in the loess landforms of China. Science China Earth Sciences, 60(3): 438–451.
Xiong L Y, Tang G A, Zhu A X, 2017a. A peak-cluster assessment method for the identification of upland planation surfaces. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 31 (2): 387–404.
Xu A L, Wang P, 2010. SWAT-based simulation of pollution from non-point agricultural sources. Environmental Monitoring & Forewarning, 2(1): 38–43. (in Chinese)
Xu J W, Zhang W C, Fu C B, 2007. A new method for treating the depressions and flat areas in DEM for large-scale hydrology and climate models. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 38(12): 1414–1420. (in Chinese)
Xue J, Chen W, Cao Y, 2013. The definition of urban concentrated areas and the relations with the national main function areas of China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 33(6): 649–658. (in Chinese)
Xue X W, Chen X, Zhang Z C et al., 2009. Categorization of karst landform on the basis of landform factor eigenvalue. Carsologica Sinica, 28(2): 175–180. (in Chinese)
Yan D C, Bai J J, Zhang R L, 2009. Voronoi-based distribution measure of point objects in adjacent space. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 34(1): 44–47. (in Chinese)
Yan S J, Tang G A, Li F Y et al., 2011. An edge detection based method for extraction of loess shoulder-line from grid DEM. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 36(3): 363–367. (in Chinese)
Yang L, Zhu A X, Qin C Z et al., 2011. A soil sampling method based on representativeness grade of sampling points. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 48(5): 938–946. (in Chinese)
Yang Q K, Li R, Cao M M et al., 2006. Advances of quantitative assessment on regional soil erosion. Advances in Earth Science, 21(8): 849–856. (in Chinese)
Yang Q K, Shi W J, Tim R et al., 2007. On constructing methods of hydrologically correct DEMs. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 5(4): 1–6. (in Chinese)
Yang Q K, Zhao M D, Liu Y M et al., 2009. Application of DEMs in regional soil erosion modeling. Geomatics World, 7(1): 25–32. (in Chinese)
Yang X, Tang G A, Liu X J et al., 2009. Digital terrain analysis: Theory, method and application. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(9): 1058–1070. (in Chinese)
Yang X, Tang G A, Wang L, 2004. Modeling of radiation over rugged areas based on DEM. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 20(5): 41–44. (in Chinese)
Yang X, Tang G A, Xiao C C et al., 2007. Terrain revised model for air temperature in mountainous area based on DEMs. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 17(4): 399–408. (in Chinese)
Yao Y H, Zhou C H, Sun R H et al., 2007. Digital mapping of mountain landforms based on multiple source data. Journal of Mountain Science, 25(1): 122–128. (in Chinese)
Ye R H, Song Z Y, Shen Z et al., 2013. A visualization system for numerical simulation of storm surges in Pearl River Estuary. Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences), 41(3): 260–264. (in Chinese)
Yi H W, Tang G A, Liu Y M et al., 2003. Stream runoff nodes and their derivation based on DEM. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 17(3): 108–111. (in Chinese)
Yu G, Lai G Y, 2007. Simulation assessment on nutrient transport in Taihu Lake Basin. Journal of Hehai University (Natural Sciences), 351(2): 140–144. (in Chinese)
Yu Z Y, Yuan L W, Xie Z R, 2008. Fluctuation process and trend prediction of sea level change along Jiangsu coast based on multi-scale analysis. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 28(1): 94–99. (in Chinese)
Yuan L W, Yu Z Y, Xie Z R et al., 2009. ENSO signals and their spatial-temporal variation characteristics recorded by the sea-level changes in the northwest Pacific margin during 1965–2005. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 52(6): 869–882. (in Chinese)
Yuan Y F, Zhu P M, Zhao N et al., 2013. Automatic identification of circular mare craters based on mathematical morphology. Scientia Sinica (Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica), 43(3): 324–332.
Yue T X, 2011. Progress in earth surface modeling. Journal of Remote Sensing, 15(6): 1105–1124. (in Chinese)
Yue T X, Du Z P, Song D J et al., 2007. A new method of surface modeling and its application to DEM construction. Geomorphology, 91(1/2): 161–172.
Yue Z Y, Di K C, Zhang P, 2012. Theories and methods for numerical simulation of impact crater formation. Earth Science Frontiers, 19(6): 110–117. (in Chinese)
Yue Z Y, Liu J Z, Wu G G, 2008. Automatic identification of circular mare craters based on object oriented classification method. Chinese Science Bulletin, 22: 2809–2813.
Zhang C X, Chen M, Li R R et al., 2015. A virtual geographic environment system for multiscale air quality analysis and decision making: A case study of SO2 concentration simulation. Applied Geography, 63: 326–336.
Zhang C X, Lin H, Chen M et al., 2014a. Scale matching of multiscale digital elevation model (DEM) data and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model: A case study of meteorological simulation in Hong Kong. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(6): 2215–2223.
Zhang C X, Lin H, Chen M et al., 2014b. Scale compatibility analysis in geographic process research: A case study of a meteorological simulation in Hong Kong. Applied Geography, 52: 135–143.
Zhang C X, Yang Q K, Li R, 2005. Advancement in topographic wetness index and its application. Progress in Geography, 24(6): 116–123. (in Chinese)
Zhang F, Huang X F, Li D R, 2009. Spherical projection based triangulation for one station terrestrial laser scanning point cloud. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 38(1): 48–54. (in Chinese)
Zhang F, Tang G A, Cao M et al., 2013. Simulation of positive and negative terrain evolution in small loess watershed based on ANN-CA Model. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 29(1): 28–31. (in Chinese)
Zhang H M, Yang Q K, Li R et al., 2012. Research on the estimation of slope length in distributed watershed erosion. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 43(4): 437–443. (in Chinese)
Zhang H M, Yang Q K, Li R et al., 2013. Extension of a GIS procedure for calculating the RUSLE equation LS factor. Computers & Geosciences, 52(1): 177–188.
Zhang H P, Yang N, Zhang Y Q et al., 2006. Geomorphology of the Minjiang drainage system (Sichuan, China) and its structural implications. Quaternary Sciences, 26(1): 126–135.
Zhang H P, Zhang P Z, Fan Q C, 2011. Initiation and recession of the fluvial knickpoints: A case study from the Yalu River-Wangtian’e volcanic region, northeastern China. Science China Earth Sciences, 54(11): 1746–1753. (in Chinese)
Zhang Z X, Zhang J Q, Zhang L, 2000. VirtuoZo digital photogrammetry system [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan Technical University, 1–98. (in Chinese)
Zhang K, Sheng Y H, Lv H Y, 2015. Stereo matching cost computation based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 26(C): 275–283.
Zhang L, 2013. Core topographical factor based investigation on the spatial pattern of loess terrain in the Loess Plateau [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University. (in Chinese)
Zhang L, Ai H B, Xu B et al., 2017. Automatic tie-point extraction based on multiple-image matching and bundle adjustment of large block of oblique aerial images. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 46(5): 554–564. (in Chinese)
Zhang L, Lu Y Q, 2013. Spatial analysis of the central place system based on accessibility. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 33(6): 649–658. (in Chinese)
Zhang W, 2011. Research of catchment profile spectrum on northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau [D] Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University. (in Chinese)
Zhang W, Tang G A, Tao Y et al., 2011. An improved method to saddles extraction based on runoff concentration simulation in DEM. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 36(1): 158–159. (in Chinese)
Zhang X S, Hao F H, Cheng H G et al., 2004. Influence of subdivision of watershed on distributed hydrological model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 735(7): 119–1237. (in Chinese)
Zhang Y, Fan H, Li Y E, 2013. A method of terrain feature extraction based on contour. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 42(4): 574–580. (in Chinese)
Zhang Z X, Zhang J Q, 1996. Digital photogrammetry [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan Technical University. (in Chinese)
Zhang Z X, Zhang J Q, 2005. Generalized point photogrammetry and its application. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 30(1): 1–5. (in Chinese)
Zhang Z Y, Dong D D, Zhang G X et al., 2017. Topographic constraints on the subduction erosion of the yap arc, western Pacific. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 37(1): 41–50.
Zhang Z, Li J F, Chen S et al., 2011. Spatial distribution of affordable houses in cities: A case study of Wuhan based on DEM. Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(10): 1309–1320. (in Chinese)
Zhang Z, Song Z Y, Kong J, 2010. Wave-current interaction effects on velocity profiles and influencing factor analysis. Advances in Water Science, 21(6): 801–807.
Zhao H J, Song Z Y, Xu F M et al., 2010. Numerical simulation of typhoon waves in the South China Sea: A case study of typhoon Chanchu. The Ocean Engineering, 28(3): 128–134. (in Chinese)
Zhao H, Fang X, Ding H et al., 2017. Extraction of terraces on the Loess Plateau from high-resolution DEMs and imagery utilizing object-based image analysis. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(6): 157. (in Chinese)
Zhao M W, 2012. Research on the loess slope-landscape based on DEM [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University. (in Chinese)
Zhao M W, Li F Y, Tang G A, 2012. Optimal scale selection for DEM based slope segmentation in the Loess Plateau. International Journal of Geosciences, 3(1): 37–43.
Zhao M W, Tang G A, Zhang L et al., 2012. The DEM based 5-node second-order finite difference model for slope computation. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 14(3): 286–291. (in Chinese)
Zhao S M, Cheng W M, Chai H X et al., 2007. Research on the information extraction method of periglacial geomorphology on the Qinghai-Tibet based on remote sensing and SRTM: A case study of 1B1,000,000 Lhasa map sheet (H46). Geographical Research, 26(6): 1175–1185. (in Chinese)
Zhao S M, Cheng W M, Zhou C H et al., 2009. Analysis on the topographic gradient and geographical meaning of Mt. Konggur, in the northern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Geo-information Science, 11(6): 753–758.
Zhao W D, Xu Y, Ma L et al., 2013. Research on the terraces-considered grid-TIN hybird mesh DEM. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 29(2): 11–16. (in Chinese)
Zhao Y J, Lin C Y, 2010. Multi-condition constraint geological modeling based on seismic data. Computer Applications of Petroleum, (2): 17–20 (in Chinese)
Zhen Y, Liu X J, Wang M Z, 2014. An improved RANSAC of fundamental matrix estimation method. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, (4): 39–43. (in Chinese)
Zheng S Y, Zhou Y, 2012. High quality texture reconstruction for small objects based on structure light scanning system with digital camera. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 37(5): 529–533. (in Chinese)
Zhong D H, Li M C, Liu J, 2007. Research on the three-dimensional unified modeling method for hydraulic and hydropower engineering. Scientia Sinica Technologica, 37(3): 455–466. (in Chinese)
Zhong T, Tang G A, Zhou Y et al., 2009. Method of extracting surface peaks based on reverse DEMs. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 4: 35–37. (in Chinese)
Zhou L C, Chen S Z, Zhu Y, 2007. 3D-volume visualization research for geological structure. Application Research of Computers, 24(6): 150–164.
Zhou L C, Lin B X, Wang D et al., 2013. 3D geological modeling method based on planar Geological Ma. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 15(1): 46–54. (in Chinese)
Zhou Q, 2013. Analysis of how the earth’s landscape form Now exploring the Mystery of the “Plate”. Friend of Science Amateurs, 11: 123–128.
Zhou Q, Pilesjö P, Chen Y, 2011. Estimating surface flow paths on a digital elevation model using a triangular facet network. Water Resources Research, 47(7): 1772–1780.
Zhou Q M, Liu X J, 2006. Digital Terrain Analysis. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
Zhou Y, Tang G A, Wang C et al., 2010. Automatic segmentation of loess positive and negative terrains based on high resolution grid DEMs. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 30(2): 261–266. (in Chinese)
Zhou Y, Tang G A, Xi Y et al., 2013. A shoulder-lines connection algorithm using improved snake model. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 38(1): 82–85. (in Chinese)
Zhou Y, Tang G A, Yang X et al., 2010. Positive and negative terrains on northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 20(1): 64–76.
Zhou Y, Tang G A, Zhang T et al., 2007. A new method for the derivation of terrain skeleton lines based on wire-like analysis window in grid DEMs. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 10: 67–69. (in Chinese)
Zhou Z P, Cheng W M, Wan C et al., 2012. Analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of lunar near side impact craters. Journal of Geoinformation Science, 14(5): 618–626. (in Chinese)
Zhou Z P, Cheng W M, Zhou C H et al., 2011. Characteristic analysis of the lunar surface and automatically extracting of the lunar morphology based on CE-1. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56(1): 18–26. (in Chinese)
Zhu A X, Wang R, Qiao J et al., 2014. An expert knowledge-based approach to landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and fuzzy logic. Geomorphology, 214(214): 128–138.
Zhu H C, Tang G A, Wu L C et al., 2012. Extraction and analysis of gully nodes based on geomorphological structures and catchment characteristics: A case study in the Loess Plateau of north Shaanxi province. Advances in Water Science, 23(1): 7–13. (in Chinese)
Zhu H C, Tang G A, Zhang Y S et al., 2003. Thalweg in loess hill area based on DEM. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 23(5): 43–45. (in Chinese)
Zhu L F, Wu X C, Liu X G et al., 2004. Introduction and implementation of virtual borehole in the construction of urban 3D strata model. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 20(6): 26–30. (in Chinese)
Zhu S J, Tang G A, Li F Y et al., 2013. Spatial variation of hypsometric integral in the Loess Plateau based on DEM. Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(7): 921–932. (in Chinese)
Zhu S J, Tang G A, Zhang W et al., 2011. Rapid modeling method for terrace digital elevation model. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, (4): 68–70. (in Chinese)
Zhu Y J, 2011. GIS-based analysis of the accessibility of urban forests in the central city of Guangzhou, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31(8): 2290–2300. (in Chinese)
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude towards the journal editor and the reviewers, whose thoughtful suggestions played a significant role in improving the quality of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41671389, No.41631175, No.41601411, No.41371424; PAPD, No.164320H116
Author: Lv Guonian, Professor, specialized in GIS and virtual geographic environment.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lv, G., Xiong, L., Chen, M. et al. Chinese progress in geomorphometry. J. Geogr. Sci. 27, 1389–1412 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1442-0
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1442-0