Abstract
Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) provide a promising way to extract the useful information from graph-structured data. Most of the existing GCNs methods usually focus on local neighborhood information based on specific convolution operations, and ignore the global structure of the input data. To extract the latent representation for the graph-structured data more effectively, we introduce a deepwalk strategy into GCNs to efficiently explore the global graph information. This strategy can complement the local neighborhood information of a graph, resulting in the more robust representation for the graph data. The fusion of the local neighboring and global structured information of a graph can further facilitate deep feature learning at the output layer of GCNs for node classification. Experimental results show that the proposed model has achieved state-of-the-art results on three benchmark datasets including Cora, Citeseer, and Pubmed citation networks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gilmer J, Schoenholz S S, Riley P F, et al. Neural message passing for quantum chemistry. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning, 2017. 1263–1272
Deng J, Dong W, Socher R, et al. ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009. 248–255
Ren S, He K, Girshick R, et al. Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In: Proceedings of Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2015. 91–99
Chen L C, Papandreou G, Kokkinos I, et al. Semantic image segmentation with deep convolutional nets and fully connected CRFs. In: Proceedings of International Conference of Legal Regulators, 2015
Hammond D K, Vandergheynst P, Gribonval R. Wavelets on graphs via spectral graph theory. Appl Comput Harmonic Anal, 2011, 30: 129–150
Bruna J, Zaremba W, Szlam A, et al. Spectral networks and locally connected networks on graphs. In: Proceedings of International Conference of Legal Regulators, 2014
Defferrard M, Bresson X, Vandergheynst P. Convolutional neural networks on graphs with fast localized spectral filtering. In: Proceedings of Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2016. 3844–3852
Kipf T, Welling M. Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of International Conference of Legal Regulators, 2017
Klicpera J, Weißenberger S, Günnemann S. Diffusion improves graph learning. In: Proceedings of Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2019. 13333–13345
Velickovic P, Cucurull G, Casanova A, et al. Graph attention networks. In: Proceedings of International Conference of Legal Regulators, 2018
Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, et al. Attention is all you need. In: Proceedings of Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2017. 5998–6008
Monti F, Boscaini D, Masci J, et al. Geometric deep learning on graphs and manifolds using mixture model CNNs. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2017. 5115–5124
Chiang W L, Liu X, Si S, et al. Cluster-GCN: an efficient algorithm for training deep and large graph convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, 2019
Zhuang C, Ma Q. Dual graph convolutional networks for graph-based semi-supervised classification. In: Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference, 2018. 499–508
Li Q, Han Z, Wu X M. Deeper insights into graph convolutional networks for semi-supervised learning. In: Proceedings of the 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2018. 3538–3545
Perozzi B, Al-Rfou R, Skiena S. DeepWalk: online learning of social representations. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2014. 701–710
Grover A, Leskovec J. Node2vec: scalable feature learning for networks. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), 2016
Tang J, Qu M, Wang M, et al. LINE: large-scale information network embedding. In: Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference, 2015
Wang D, Cui P, Zhu W. Structural deep network embedding. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2016
Ribeiro L F R, Saverese P H P, Figueiredo D R. Struc2vec: learning node representations from structural identity. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2017
Perozzi B, Kulkarni V, Chen H, et al. Don’t walk, skip!: online learning of multi-scale network embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, 2017. 258–265
Cao S, Lu W, Xu Q. Deep neural networks for learning graph representations. In: Proceedings of the Association for the Advance of Artificial Intelligence, 2016
Ru L, Du B, Wu C. Multi-temporal scene classification and scene change detection with correlation based fusion. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2021, 30: 1382–1394
Zhu D, Du B, Zhang L. Two-stream convolutional networks for hyperspectral target detection. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens, 2021, 59: 6907–6921
Xu Y, Du B, Zhang L. Beyond the patchwise classification: spectral-spatial fully convolutional networks for hyperspectral image classification. IEEE Trans Big Data, 2020, 6: 492–506
Zhou Q, Yang W, Gao G, et al. Multi-scale deep context convolutional neural networks for semantic segmentation. World Wide Web, 2019, 22: 555–570
Zhou Q, Wang Y, Liu J, et al. An open-source project for real-time image semantic segmentation. Sci China Inf Sci, 2019, 62: 227101
Nie W Z, Ren M J, Liu A A, et al. M-GCN: multi-branch graph convolution network for 2D image-based on 3D model retrieval. IEEE Trans Multimedia, 2021, 23: 1962–1976
Zhu J, Yang H, Lin W, et al. Group re-identification with group context graph neural networks. IEEE Trans Multimedia, 2021, 23: 2614–2626
Wang W, Gao J, Yang X, et al. Learning coarse-to-fine graph neural networks for video-text retrieval. IEEE Trans Multimedia, 2021, 23: 2386–2397
Mithun N C, Li J, Metze F, et al. Learning joint embedding with multimodal cues for cross-modal video-text retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM on International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval, 2018. 19–27
Yuan Y, Xiong Z, Wang Q. ACM: adaptive cross-modal graph convolutional neural networks for RGB-D scene recognition. In: Proceedings of the Association for the Advance of Artificial Intelligence, 2019. 9176–9184
Qian X, Zhuang Y, Li Y, et al. Video relation detection with spatio-temporal graph. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2019. 84–93
Hamilton W L, Ying Z, Leskovec J. Inductive representation learning on large graphs. In: Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2017. 1024–1034
Zhang J, Shi X, Xie J, et al. GaAN: gated attention networks for learning on large and spatiotemporal graphs. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 2018
Peng Z, Huang W, Luo M, et al. Graph representation learning via graphical mutual information maximization. In: Proceedings of the Web Conference, 2020. 259–270
Abu-El-Haija S, Kapoor A, Perozzi B, et al. N-GCN: multi-scale graph convolution for semi-supervised node classification. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 2019. 841–851
Niepert M, Ahmed M O, Kutzkov K. Learning convolutional neural networks for graphs. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning, 2016. 2014–2023
Gao H, Wang Z, Ji S. Large-scale learnable graph convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, 2018. 1416–1424
Wu J, Zhong S H, Liu Y. MvsGCN: a novel graph convolutional network for multi-video summarization. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2019. 827–835
Chen J, Ma T, Xiao C. FastGCN: fast learning with graph convolutional networks via importance sampling. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of Legal Regulators, 2018
Huang W, Zhang T, Rong Y, et al. Adaptive sampling towards fast graph representation learning. In: Proceedings of Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2018. 4558–4567
Wei Y, Wang X, Nie L, et al. MMGCN: multi-modal graph convolution network for personalized recommendation of microvideo. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2019. 1437–1445
Andersen R, Chung F, Lang K. Local graph partitioning using pagerank vectors. In: Proceedings of the 47th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS’06), 2006. 475–486
Fouss F, Pirotte A, Renders J, et al. Random-walk computation of similarities between nodes of a graph with application to collaborative recommendation. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng, 2007, 19: 355–369
Mikolov T, Chen K, Corrado G, et al. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In: Proceedings of ICLR Workshop, 2013
Kingma D P, Ba J. Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of Legal Regulators, 2015
Srivastava N, Hinton G, Krizhevsky A, et al. Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J Mach Learn Res, 2014, 15: 1929–1958
Glorot X, Bengio Y. Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks. J Mach Learn Res, 2010, 9: 249–256
Chen J, Zhu J, Song L. Stochastic training of graph convolutional networks with variance reduction. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, 2018
Acknowledgements
The work was supported by National Key Research and Development Plan Project (Grant Nos. 2018YFC0-830105, 2018YFC0830100), in part by National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. 62025603), in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1705262, 62072386, 62072387, 62076016, 61772443).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jin, T., Dai, H., Cao, L. et al. Deepwalk-aware graph convolutional networks. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 65, 152104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-020-3318-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-020-3318-5