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Increased pulse wave velocity is related to impaired working memory and executive function in older adults with metabolic syndrome

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Abstract

Age-related vascular alterations promote the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Cardiovascular risk factors that accelerate vascular aging exacerbate VCI. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) constitutes a cluster of critical cardiovascular risk factors (abdominal obesity, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, elevated fasting glucose, reduced HDL cholesterol), which affects nearly 37% of the adult US population. The present study was designed to test the hypotheses that MetS exacerbates cognitive impairment and that arterial stiffening moderates the association between cognitive dysfunction and MetS in older adults. MetS was defined by the NCEP ATP III guidelines. Cognitive function (digit span and trail-making tests) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV; a non-invasive clinical measurement of arterial stiffness) were assessed in older adults with MetS and age- and sex-matched controls. Multiple linear regression models were applied to test for the main effects of MetS, baPWV, and their interaction on cognitive performance. Fifty-three participants with MetS (age: 68 ± 8 years) and 39 age-matched individuals without MetS (age: 66 ± 9 years) were enrolled into the study. In adjusted multivariable regression analyses of the digit span backward length score, both MetS (ß = 1.97, p = 0.048) and MetS by baPWV interaction (ß =  − 0.001, p = 0.026) were significant predictors. In participants with MetS, higher baPWV was associated with poorer performance on digit span backward length score, a test of working memory (R =  − 0.44, p = 0.0012), but there was no association in those without MetS (R = 0.035, p = 0.83). MetS was negatively associated with performance on the digit span backward length score, baPWV was negatively associated with multiple neuropsychological outcomes, and baPWV moderated the association between digit span backward length score and MetS, as individuals with both MetS and higher baPWV had the most impaired cognitive function. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence that individuals with MetS and higher baPWV may be prone to VCI.

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Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Grant UL1 TR002014, the American Heart Association, the National Institute on Aging (RF1AG072295, R01AG055395, R01AG068295; R01AG070915, K01AG073614), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS100782), the National Cancer Institute (R01CA255840), and the Cellular and Molecular GeroScience CoBRE (P20GM125528). The funding sources had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the American Heart Association, or the Presbyterian Health Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Jigar Gosalia & David N. Proctor

  2. Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA

    Polly S. Montgomery, Shangming Zhang, William A. Pomilla & Andrew W. Gardner

  3. Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University DriveMail Code HP28, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA

    Ming Wang & Menglu Liang

  4. Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Anna Csiszar, Zoltan Ungvari & Andriy Yabluchanskiy

  5. The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA

    Anna Csiszar, Zoltan Ungvari & Andriy Yabluchanskiy

  6. International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Departments of Translational Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    Anna Csiszar, Zoltan Ungvari & Andriy Yabluchanskiy

  7. Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Zoltan Ungvari & Andriy Yabluchanskiy

Authors
  1. Jigar Gosalia
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  2. Polly S. Montgomery
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  3. Shangming Zhang
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  4. William A. Pomilla
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  5. Ming Wang
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  6. Menglu Liang
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  7. Anna Csiszar
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  8. Zoltan Ungvari
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  9. Andriy Yabluchanskiy
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  10. David N. Proctor
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  11. Andrew W. Gardner
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All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew W. Gardner.

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Conflict of interest

Dr. Anna Csiszar and Dr. Andriy Yabluchanskiy serve as Associate Editors for GeroScience. Dr. Zoltan Ungvari serves as Editor-in-Chief for GeroScience and as Consulting Editor for The American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology.

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Gosalia, J., Montgomery, P.S., Zhang, S. et al. Increased pulse wave velocity is related to impaired working memory and executive function in older adults with metabolic syndrome. GeroScience 44, 2831–2844 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-022-00640-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-022-00640-1

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