Abstract
Ebullition is an important route of methane emission from aquatic ecosystems. Ebullitive CH4 emissions from the wetlands, particularly the mountain wetlands of Eastern Himalayan, are poorly understood. To gain insights into the role of ebullition in CH4 emissions and understand the factors influencing CH4 ebullition, we conducted field measurements of the spatial and temporal variation of ebullition in a freshwater wetland area in floating national park (40 sq. km, 780 m amsl, maximum depth < 4.5) in Northeast India. The average ebullitive CH4 flux ranged from 220.24 to 1889.35 mg m−2 d−1, while the overall CH4 fluxes varied widely ranging from 345.81 to 2240.56 mg m−2 d−1. Methane constituted 90.18% of the gas bubbles produced from the sediment, with CO2 comprising 8.82% of the total sediment gas in the wetland. This suggests that CH4 emission through ebullition plays an important role in transporting biogenic CH4 to the atmosphere. The ebullition rate was markedly higher during summer and lower during winter and exhibited a significant seasonal variation. At a spatial scale, the sites with dense aquatic vegetation growth increase CH4 emission where plants derived autochthonous sediment organic matter, substantiating the supply of carbon substrate for CH4 production. Linear mixed-effect models revealed that water temperature, organic matter, organic carbon and dissolved organic matter are the important factors affecting the ebullitive methane flux. Our results indicate that mountainous wetlands with organic-rich sediments may be potential hotspots for CH4 ebullition. However, the lack of information on these wetlands in the scientific literature emphasizes the need for further research.
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This study was funded by Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, under the Research Grant No. CRG/2018/003207.
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Conceptualization: Raju Singh Khoiyangbam, Suraj S. Chingangbam; Methodology: Suraj S. Chingangbam; Investigation, data curation, validation, visualization and software: Suraj S. Chingangbam; Writing – original draft preparation: Suraj S. Chingangbam; Writing – review and editing: Raju Singh Khoiyangbam and Suraj S. Chingangbam; Funding acquisition: Raju Singh Khoiyangbam; Supervision: Raju Singh Khoiyangbam.
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Chingangbam, S.S., Khoiyangbam, R.S. Ebullition mediated transport dominates methane emission from open water area of the floating national park in Indo Burma hotspot. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 64842–64856 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35523-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35523-9