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Multi-criteria assessment framework for evaluation of Green Deal performance

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Abstract

The European Green Deal (EGD) is a long-term and important policy to combat climate change. It contains comprehensive regulations that concern the European continent beyond individuals, companies, and cities. Moreover, achieving environmental sustainability depends on the whole world taking responsibility and concrete steps quickly. Although successful and rapid change requires collective effort and high performance across all topics, involving all countries, communities, and sectors, leaving no one behind, since the economic conditions and infrastructures of countries are different, the process of adaptation to green transformation varies. In this study, the multi-criteria decision-making approach has been used to evaluate the performance of the EU member states in terms of many different criteria under the protecting, reducing, and enabling dimensions in an integrated and comprehensive manner. In this context, the data of the EU member states obtained from Eurostat on 3 main and 15 sub-criteria were used, criterion weights were determined by the MEREC method, and then the EGD performances of the countries were revealed by the MAIRCA method. According to the results, “the primary energy consumption” and “freight transport by mode” were selected as the most significant criteria in terms of EGD compliance performance. As a result of the evaluation of the performances of the alternatives, the Netherlands had the best EGD performance which was followed by Sweden while Ireland had the worst ranking and Cyprus was the other underperforming member. Comparative analyses were conducted with the aim of testing the consistency of the proposed methodology.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the “Statistics for the European Green Deal” (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/egd-statistics/).

Notes

  1. While the Eurostat database encompasses 25 indicators related to EGD statistics, the lack of country-specific data is a natural research limitation.

  2. Cyprus is not illustrated in the figure due to the map format. Cyprus is at 25th place in TOPSIS and COPRAS, while it is at 24th in MAIRCA.

  3. Renewable energy share in primary energy consumption is only 20% in 2020 (EC 2023a).

  4. For detailed information, please see Domagała and Kadłubek (2022).

  5. The share of renewable energy target in the EU was 20% in 2020 while the Commission revised the 2030 renewable energy target to at least 42.5%.

  6. Naidoo et al. (2019) indicated that protected areas improve ecosystem conditions which leads to income generation. In addition, it creates opportunities for tourism that provides job creation and infrastructure development in the region.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey

    Salih Ozdemir

  2. Department of Industrial Engineering, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey

    Neslihan Demirel & Fulya Zaralı

  3. Department of International Trade and Logistics, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey

    Tuncay Çelik

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  1. Salih Ozdemir
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  2. Neslihan Demirel
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  3. Fulya Zaralı
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  4. Tuncay Çelik
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analyses were performed by SO, ND, FZ, and TÇ, and they read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Neslihan Demirel.

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Ozdemir, S., Demirel, N., Zaralı, F. et al. Multi-criteria assessment framework for evaluation of Green Deal performance. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 4686–4704 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31370-2

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