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Spectroscopic fingerprinting, pollution characterization, and health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals from urban particulate matter

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Abstract

The unprecedented stride of urbanization and industrialization has given rise to anthropogenic input of tiny particulates into the air. Urban particulate matter (PM) armored with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) could be lethal to the environment and human health. Therefore, the present study was planned to investigate the spectroscopic fingerprinting, pollution status and health risk of PM-associated PTMs collected from ten functional areas of Lahore, Pakistan. The diverged results of studied qualitative and quantitative analyses showed distinct compositional and pollution characteristics of PTMs in urban PM with respect to selected functional areas. The XRD results evident the fractional presence of metal-containing minerals, i.e., pyrite (FeS2), calcite (CaCO3), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), and chalcostibite (CuSbS2). Several chemical species of Zn, Pb, and As were found in PM of various functional areas. However, morphologies of PM showed anthropogenic influence with slight quantitative support of PTMs presence. The cumulative representation of PTMs pollution of all selected areas depicted that Cd was heavily polluted (Igeo=3.21) while Cr (Igeo=1.82) and Ni (Igeo=2.11) were moderately polluted PTMs. The industrial area having high pollution status of Cd (Igeo=5.54 and EF=18.07), Cu (Igeo=6.4 and EF=32.61), Cr (Igeo=4.03 and EF=6.53), Ni (Igeo=5.7 and EF=20.17), and Zn (Igeo=4.87 and EF=11.27) was prominent among other studied areas. The PTMs were likely to pose a high non-cancerous risk in IndAr (HI = 7.48E+00) and HTV (HI = 1.22E +00) areas predominantly due to Zn with HQ > 1. However, Cr was prominent to cause cancerous risks with values beyond the tolerable range (1.00E-04 to 1.00E-06).

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Funding

The work was supported by grant number 42272193 and Professor Guijian Liu has received research support from National Natural Science Foundation of China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People’s Republic of China

    Abdul Rehman, Guijian Liu, Balal Yousaf, Samra Ijaz, Samina Irshad, Ayesha Imtiyaz Cheema & Aniqa Ashraf

  2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710075, People’s Republic of China

    Guijian Liu

  3. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Umair Riaz

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  1. Abdul Rehman
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Contributions

Mr. Abdul Rehman, as a first author has participated in the conception, design, methodology, data visualization, data interpretation, and writing original draft. Professor Guijian Liu and Dr. Balal Yousaf have supervised all through the preparation of this article and finalizing the final version of article along with funding and resources acquisition. Ms. Samra Ijaz, Ms. Samina Irshad, and Ms. Ayesha Imtiyaz Cheema participated in experimentation, formal analysis, data interpretation and visualization. Mr. M. Umair Riaz and Ms. Aniqa Ashraf have participated in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content.

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Rehman, ., Liu, G., Yousaf, B. et al. Spectroscopic fingerprinting, pollution characterization, and health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals from urban particulate matter. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 92842–92858 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28834-w

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