Abstract
Medium access control (MAC) protocol is among the most active topics of research in ad hoc networks. With the CDMA-based MAC protocol the code allocation plays an important role and has significant impact on the protocol performance. In this paper, we propose a distributed CDMA code assignment protocol for the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The protocol is mainly composed of (1) a modified busy tone signaling mechanism that protects on-going data transmission as well as distributes code usage information, and (2) a set of specially designed code selection rules that work by taking into consideration whether relevant nodes are in the transmitting or receiving state. By combining the two proposed schemes with the conventional request-to-send (RTS)/clear-to-send (CTS) dialogue and power control mechanism, our protocol is able to increase CDMA code reusability. The simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol indeed performs better than the static and dynamic code assignment methods (either with or without power control) in terms of successful transmission rate and successful code assignment rate. And instead of sending continuously, the proposed modified busy tone mechanism only issues busy tone signal in randomly selected cycles, which may save battery energy as compared to conventional busy tone implementations. Moreover, the proposed code selection rules and the modified busy tone signaling may also be integrated into existing MAC protocols, either separately or in combination.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Royer E.M., Toh C.-K. (1999) A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks. IEEE Personal Communication 6, 46–55
Yu C.W., Wu T.K., Cheng R.H. (2007) A low overhead dynamic route repairing mechanism for mobile ad hoc networks. Computer Communications 30(5): 1152–1163
Zhai H., Wang J., Chen X., Fang Y. (2006) Medium access control in mobile ad hoc networks: challenges and solutions. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 6(2): 151–170
Kumar S., Raghavan V.S., Deng J. (2006) Medium access control protocols for ad hoc wireless networks: A Survey. Ad Hoc Networks 4, 326–358
IEEE standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications, ISO/IEC 8802–11: 1999 (E), Aug. 1999.
Tobagi F.A., Kleinrock L. (1975) Packet switching in radio channels: Part II—The hidden terminal problem in carrier sense multiple access modes and the busy tone solution. IEEE Transactions on Communications 23, 1417–1433
Shukla, Deepanshu, Chandran-Wadia, Leena, & Iyer, Sridhar. (2003). Mitigating the exposed node problem in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the ICCCN, 157–162.
Bertossi A.A., Bonuccelli M.A. (1995) Code assignment for hidden terminal interference avoidance in multihop packet radio networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 34, 441–449
Amit Butala, & Lang Tong (2002). Dynamic channel allocation and optimal detection for MAC in CDMA ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2, 1160–1164.
Hung K.-W., Yum T.-S. (1989) The coded tone sense protocol for multihop spread-spectrum packet radio networks. IEEE GLOBECOM 2, 712–716
Joa-Ng M., Lu I.-T. (1999) Spread spectrum medium access protocol with collision avoidance in mobile ad-hoc wireless network. IEEE INFOCOM 2, 776–783
Garcia-Luna-Aceves J., Raju J. (1997) Distributed assignment of codes for multihop packet-radio networks. IEEE MILCOM 1: 450–454
Fullmer, C. L., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. (1995). Floor Acquisition Multiple Access (FAMA) for packet-radio networks, ACM SIGCOMM, Cambridge MA, Aug. 28–Sept. 1, 1995, pp. 262–273.
Karn, P. (1990). MACA-a new channel access method for packet radio. Proceedings of the ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference, Sept. 22, 1990, pp. 134–140.
Bhargavan, V., Demers, A., Shenker, S., & Zhang, L. (1994). MACAW-A media access protocol for wireless LANs. ACM SIGCOMM, 212–225.
Deng J., Hass Z.J. (2002) Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA)—a multiple access control scheme for ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications 50(6): 975–984
MONKS, J. P. (2001). Transmission power control for enhancing the performance of wireless packet data networks. PhD Thesis in Electrical Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001, Urbana, Illinois.
Cheng H.T., Jiang H., Zhuang W. (2006) Distributed medium access control for wireless mesh networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 6, 845–864
Wu S.L., Tseng Y.C., Sheu J.P. (2000) Intelligent medium access for mobile ad hoc networks with busy tones and power control. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 18(9): 1647–1657
Wu, S. L., Lin, C. Y., Tseng, Y. C., & Sheu, J. P. (2000). A new multichannel MAC protocol with on-demand channel assignment for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks. International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks (I-SPAN), 232–237.
Wu S.-L., Tseng Y.-C., Lin C.-Y., Sheu J.-P. (2002) A multi-channel MAC protocol with power control for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks. Computer Journal 45(1): 101–110
Muqattash, A., Krunz, M. (2003). CDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. MobiHoc, pp. 153–164.
Hu L. (1993) Distributed code assignments for CDMA packet radio networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 1(6): 668–677
Chen X., Faloutsos M., Krishnamurthy S. (2002) Distance ADaptive (DAD) Broadcasting for ad hoc networks. IEEE MILCOM 2: 879–883
Gummalla A.C.V., Limb J.O. (2000) Design of an access mechanism for a high speed distributed wireless LAN. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 18(9): 1740–1750
Liu, F., Xing, K., Cheng, X., & Rotenstreich, S. (2005). Energy-efficient MAC layer protocols in ad hoc networks. In M. Cardei, I. Cardei, & D.-Z. Du (Eds.), Resource management in wireless networking (pp. 300–334), Kluwer Academic Publishers/Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, TK., Yu, C.W., Cheng, R.H. et al. A Highly Reusable Code Assignment Approach with Modified Busy Tone Signaling for CDMA-Based Ad Hoc Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 44, 119–138 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-007-9348-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-007-9348-2