Abstract
The meta-heuristic algorithms require a lot of fitness calculations to get good enough solutions, which constitutes an obstacle to solving computationally complex practical problems. Recently, it has been found that surrogate-assisted meta-heuristic algorithms show potential in solving expensive complex optimization problems. This paper proposes an efficient surrogate-assisted Taguchi salp swarm algorithm (SATSSA) to solve expensive complex optimization problems. The SATSSA uses a combination of the local surrogate-assisted model (LSAM), global surrogate-assisted model (GSAM), and k-means clustering surrogate-assisted model (KCSAM) to fit the fitness function. To enhance the prediction ability of the model, an improved salp swarm algorithm with the Taguchi method (TSSA) is proposed to update and predict the model. GSAM is mainly used to capture the entire landscape of the search space. KCSAM is designed to capture part of the search space to improve the exploration capability of the algorithm. LSAM is used to capture the contours around the optimal individual. The proposed SATSSA is compared with other four excellent algorithms on 30D, 50D, and 100D benchmark functions. In addition, SATSSA is also applied to intrusion detection. Simulation results show that SATSSA is effective in improving detection rate and reducing false alarm rate.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors, upon reasonable request.
References
Ali, A., Ming, Yu., Chakraborty, S., & Iram, S. (2017). A comprehensive survey on real-time applications of WSN. Future Internet, 9(4), 77.
Prithi, S., & Sumathi, S. (2021). Automata based hybrid PSO-GWO algorithm for secured energy efficient optimal routing in wireless sensor network. Wireless Personal Communications, 117, 545–559.
Kulkarni, R. V., & Venayagamoorthy, G. K. (2010). Particle swarm optimization in wireless-sensor networks: A brief survey. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 41(2), 262–267.
Aburomman, A. A., & Reaz, M. B. I. (2016). A novel SVM-kNN-PSO ensemble method for intrusion detection system. Applied Soft Computing, 38, 360–372.
Singh, A., Chatterjee, K., & Satapathy, S. C. (2022). An edge based hybrid intrusion detection framework for mobile edge computing. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 8(5), 3719–3746.
Li, Z., Miao, Q., Chaudhry, S. A., & Chen, C. M. (2022). A provably secure and lightweight mutual authentication protocol in fog-enabled social Internet of vehicles. International Journal of Distributed Sensor, 18(6), 15501329221104332.
Ayyagari, M. R., Kesswani, N., Kumar, M., & Kumar, K. (2021). Intrusion detection techniques in network environment: A systematic review. Wireless Networks, 27, 1269–1285.
Wu, T. Y., Meng, Q., Kumari, S., & Zhang, P. (2022). Rotating behind security: A lightweight authentication protocol based on IoT-enabled cloud computing environments. Sensors, 22(10), 3858.
Kumaresan, G., & Adiline, M. T. (2017). Group key authentication scheme for vanet intrusion detection (GKAVIN). Wireless Networks, 23, 935–945.
Liao, Y., & Vemuri, V. R. (2002). Use of k-nearest neighbor classifier for intrusion detection. Computers & Security, 21(5), 439–448.
Almomani, O. (2020). A feature selection model for network intrusion detection system based on PSO, GWO, FFA and GA algorithms. Symmetry, 12(6), 1046.
Otair, M., Ibrahim, O. T., Abualigah, L., Altalhi, M., & Sumari, P. (2022). An enhanced grey wolf optimizer based particle swarm optimizer for intrusion detection system in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 28(2), 721–744.
Liu, G. Y., Zhao, H. Q., Fan, F., Liu, G., Xu, Q., & Nazir, S. (2022). An enhanced intrusion detection model based on improved kNN in WSNs. Sensors, 22(4), 1407.
Aghdam, M. H., & Kabiri, P. (2016). Feature selection for intrusion detection system using ant colony optimization. International Journal of Network Security, 18(3), 420–432.
Dorigo, M., Birattari, M., & Stutzle, T. (2006). Ant colony optimization. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 1(4), 28–39.
Kennedy, J., & Eberhart, R. (1995). Particle swarm optimization. In Proceedings of ICNN’95-international conference on neural networks (Vol. 4, pp. 1942–1948). IEEE.
Yu, Y., Xu, Y., Wang, F., Li, W., Mai, X., & Wu, H. (2021). Adsorption control of a pipeline robot based on improved PSO algorithm. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 7(4), 1797–1803.
Storn, R., & Price, K. (1997). Differential evolution-a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. Journal of Global Optimization, 11(4), 341–359.
Shi, L., Hu, Z., Su, Q., & Miao, Y. (2022). A modified multifactorial differential evolution algorithm with optima-based transformation. Applied Intelligence, 1–13.
Whitley, D. (1994). A genetic algorithm tutorial. Statistics and Computing, 4(2), 65–85.
Mirjalili, S., Mirjalili, S. M., & Lewis, A. (2014). Grey wolf optimizer. Advances in Engineering Software, 69, 46–61.
Mirjalili, S., Gandomi, A. H., Mirjalili, S. Z., Saremi, S., Faris, H., & Mirjalili, S. M. (2017). Salp swarm algorithm: A bio-inspired optimizer for engineering design problems. Advances in Engineering Software, 114, 163–191.
Abualigah, L., Shehab, M., Alshinwan, M., & Alabool, H. (2020). Salp swarm algorithm: A comprehensive survey. Neural Computing and Applications, 32(15), 11195–11215.
Wang, C., Xu, R. Q., Ma, L., Zhao, J., Wang, L., Xie, N. G., & Cheong, K. H. (2022). An efficient salp swarm algorithm based on scale-free informed followers with self-adaption weight. Applied Intelligence, 1–33.
Karaboga, D., & Akay, B. (2009). A comparative study of artificial bee colony algorithm. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 214(1), 108–132.
Jiang, Q., Cui, J., Ma, Y., Wang, L., Lin, Y., Li, X., Feng, T., & Wu, Y. (2022). Improved adaptive coding learning for artificial bee colony algorithms. Applied Intelligence, 1–49.
Cong, C. (2015). A coverage algorithm for WSN based on the improved PSO. In 2015 International conference on intelligent transportation, big data and smart city (pp. 12–15). IEEE.
Agrawal, D., Wasim Qureshi, M. H., Pincha, P., Srivastava, P., Agarwal, S., Tiwari, V., & Pandey, S. (2020). GWO-C: Grey wolf optimizer-based clustering scheme for WSNs. International Journal of Communication, Systems, 33(8), e4344.
Wu, J., Xu, M., Liu, F. F., Huang, M., Ma, L. H., & Lu, Z. M. (2021). Solar wireless sensor network routing algorithm based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization. Journal of Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, 12(1), 1–11.
Chen, S., Wu, J., & Lu, Z. H. (2012). A cloud computing resource scheduling policy based on genetic algorithm with multiple fitness. In 2012 IEEE 12th international conference on computer and information technology (pp. 177–184). IEEE.
Liu, S., Wang, H., Peng, W., & Yao, W. (2022). A surrogate-assisted evolutionary feature selection algorithm with parallel random grouping for high-dimensional classification. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 26(5), 1087–1101.
Gu, S., Cheng, R., & Jin, Y. (2018). Feature selection for high-dimensional classification using a competitive swarm optimizer. Soft Computing, 3, 811–822.
Al-Yaseen, W. L., Idrees, A. K., & Almasoudy, F. H. (2022). Wrapper feature selection method based differential evolution and extreme learning machine for intrusion detection system. Pattern Recognition, 132, 108912.
Zhang, F., Mei, Y., Nguyen, S., Zhang, M., & Tan, K. C. (2021). Surrogate-assisted evolutionary multitask genetic programming for dynamic flexible job shop scheduling. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 25(4), 651–665.
Denkena, B., Schinkel, F., Pirnay, J., & Wilmsmeier, S. (2021). Quantum algorithms for process parallel flexible job shop scheduling. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 33, 100–114.
Gu, Q., Wang, Q., Xiong, N. N., Jiang, S., & Chen, L. (2021). Surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm for expensive constrained multi-objective discrete optimization problems. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 1–20.
Liu, N., Pan, J. S., Chu, S. C., & Lai, T. (2022). A surrogate-assisted bi-swarm evolutionary algorithm for expensive optimization. Applied Intelligence, 1–24.
Jin, Y. (2011). Surrogate-assisted evolutionary computation: Recent advances and future challenges. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 1(2), 61–70.
Zhao, Y., Zhao, J., Zeng, J., & Tan, Y. (2022). A two-stage infill strategy and surrogate-ensemble assisted expensive many-objective optimization. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 1–17.
Pan, J. S., Liu, N., Chu, S. C., & Lai, T. (2021). An efficient surrogate-assisted hybrid optimization algorithm for expensive optimization problems. Information Sciences, 561, 304–325.
Yu, H., Tan, Y., Zeng, J., Sun, C., & Jin, Y. (2018). Surrogate-assisted hierarchical particle swarm optimization. Information Sciences, 454, 59–72.
Loshchilov, I., Schoenauer, M., & Sebag, M. (2010) Comparison-based optimizers need comparison-based surrogates. In International conference on parallel problem solving from nature (pp. 364–373). Springer.
Chugh, T., Jin, Y., Miettinen, K., Hakanen, J., & Sindhya, K. (2016). A surrogate-assisted reference vector guided evolutionary algorithm for computationally expensive many-objective optimization. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 22(1), 129–142.
Cho, S., Kim, M., Lyu, B., & Moon, I. (2021). Optimization of an explosive waste incinerator via an artificial neural network surrogate model. Chemical Engineering Journal, 407, 126659.
Zhou, Z., Ong, Y. S., Nguyen, M. H, & Lim, D. (2005) A study on polynomial regression and gaussian process global surrogate model in hierarchical surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm. In 5 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation. (pp. 2832–2839). IEEE.
Díaz-Manríquez, A., Toscano-Pulido, G., & Gómez-Flores, W. (2011). On the selection of surrogate models in evolutionary optimization algorithms. In 2011 IEEE congress of evolutionary computation (CEC) (pp. 2155–2162). IEEE.
Hu, P., Pan, J. S., Chu, S. C., & Sun, C. (2022). Multi-surrogate assisted binary particle swarm optimization algorithm and its application for feature selection. Applied Soft Computing, 121, 108736.
Sun, C., Zeng, J., Pan, J. S., Xue, S., & Jin, Y. (2013). A new fitness estimation strategy for particle swarm optimization. Information Sciences, 221, 355–370.
Chu, S. C., Du, Z. G., Peng, Y. J., & Pan, J. S. (2021). Fuzzy hierarchical surrogate assists probabilistic particle swarm optimization for expensive high dimensional problem. Knowledge-Based Systems, 220, 106939.
Jin, Y., Olhofer, M., & Sendhoff, B. (2002). A framework for evolutionary optimization with approximate fitness functions. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 6(5), 481–494.
Ren, Z., Sun, C., Tan, Y., Zhang, G., & Qin, S. (2021). A bi-stage surrogate-assisted hybrid algorithm for expensive optimization problems. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 7(3), 1391–1405.
Hardy, R. L. (1971). Multiquadric equations of topography and other irregular surfaces. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76(8), 1905–1915.
Pan, J. S., Tian, A. Q., Snášel, V., Kong, L., & Chu, S. C. (2022). Maximum power point tracking and parameter estimation for multiple-photovoltaic arrays based on enhanced pigeon-inspired optimization with taguchi method. Energy, 251, 123863.
Regis, R. G. (2014). Particle swarm with radial basis function surrogates for expensive black-box optimization. Journal of Computational Science, 5(1), 12–13.
Sun, C., Jin, Y., Cheng, R., Ding, J., & Zeng, J. (2017). Surrogate-assisted cooperative swarm optimization of high-dimensional expensive problems. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 21(4), 644–660.
Tavallaee, M., Bagheri, E., Lu, W., & Ghorbani, A. A. (2009). A detailed analysis of the kdd cup 99 data set. In 2009 IEEE symposium on computational intelligence for security and defense applications (pp. 1–6). IEEE.
McHugh, J. (2000). Testing intrusion detection systems: a critique of the 1998 and 1999 darpa intrusion detection system evaluations as performed by lincoln laboratory. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 3(4), 262–294.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chu, SC., Yuan, X., Pan, JS. et al. An efficient surrogate-assisted Taguchi salp swarm algorithm and its application for intrusion detection. Wireless Netw 30, 2675–2696 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03677-6
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03677-6