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Knowledge production patterns of China and the US: quantum technology

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Abstract

This paper addresses knowledge production patterns in the research and development of quantum technologies, perhaps one of the most promising advances in modern times. Using a publication data and innovation system framework, this paper investigates and compares the knowledge production patterns of China and the US in quantum technology. Empirical evidence suggests that China’s scientific knowledge production focuses relatively more on domestic research collaboration, and ‘communication’ technology, and core-periphery collaboration partners, while US knowledge production focuses on both domestic and international collaboration, and specializes more in ‘computing’ technology, and more collaborations with OECD countries through their institutional assets. This study contributes to understanding the different knowledge production patterns of China and the US in quantum technology, with implications for other countries. Several implications and a future research agenda are discussed.

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Notes

  1. There are a variety of terms and classification criteria for quantum technology that have been suggested by major countries, such as the US, EU, UK, Germany, Japan, China, and Korea. In this study, we did not cite one of the various classification criteria as it was, but we generated the searching equation by using keywords for specific technology fields for the convenience of this study. To this end, the author requested for advice from a number of experts in quantum technology on how to use the classification criteria of quantum technology. As a result, we found that the classification criteria suggested by the experts is similar to that of the Institute for Information & Communication Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP), a public institute in Korea. Therefore, by considering both the classification criteria suggested by the experts and the criterion of IITP, we derived the equation of searching keywords and conducted the research.

  2. The data also suggests that regardless of research actors, both the US and China rely more on domestic research collaboration than international research collaboration to produce papers on quantum technology. However, the number of papers published by China’s research actors is extremely concentrated on domestic research collaborations, while the number of US papers produced by domestic research collaboration is not much different from those produced by international research collaboration.

  3. These results are consistently found in the data classified by domestic and international collaborative research. Therefore, the data robustly supports our hypothesis 1.

  4. Other national factors that have enabled China to develop quantum technology rapidly include (1) socialist political systems, (2) long-term investment and support policy, and (3) attracting high-quality talent (Thousand Talents Plan, Ten Thousand Talents Plan).

  5. The number of papers produced by Chinese companies is very low, and hence the information about the Chinese companies is also limited. Therefore, we do not provide a table, but describe the results.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea [Grant Number NRF-2020R1A2B5B01002243]; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea [Grant Number IITP-2021-2018-0-01402].

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF-2020R1A2B5B01002243, Jae-Yong Choung, Ministry of Science and ICT, IITP-2022-2018-0-01402, Jae-Yong Choung.

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    Byeongdeuk Jang, Jae-Yong Choung & Inje Kang

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Jang, B., Choung, JY. & Kang, I. Knowledge production patterns of China and the US: quantum technology. Scientometrics 127, 5691–5719 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04478-4

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