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Alpha lipoic acid ameliorates scopolamine induced memory deficit and neurodegeneration in the cerebello-hippocampal cortex

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Abstract

Scopolamine- induced memory loss is used to study new drug discovery in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. This study was aimed at evaluating the role of an antioxidant supplement alpha-lipoic acid (AHA), in ameliorating the oxidative damaging effects of scopolamine on cognition, memory, and the neurohistology of the cerebello-hippocampal cortex. Twenty adult male Wistar rats used were categorized into four (4) groups (n = 5): Group A- Control, Group B- 200 mg/kg of AHA, Group C- Scopolamine (memory-impaired model), and Group D- Neurodegenerative repair model (Scopolamine + AHA). The treatment lasted for fourteen (14) days. Y-maze and hang-wire (limb use test) were used as behavioural index to assess memory and motor function while brain tissues were processed for histology (H and E stain), histochemistry using Cresyl Fast violet stain for Nissl bodies, and immunohistochemistry of astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results showed that scopolamine led to a decline in brain weight, impaired memory and motor function, induced oxidative tissue damage cumulating in loss of neuronal cells, chromatolysis, the proliferation of reactive astrocytes (neuroinflammation biomarker) in the cerebello-hippocampal cortex; but upon administration of AHA these neuropathological characterizations were inhibited and reversed by AHA demonstrating its antioxidant and neuro- repair potential. In conclusion, AHA is a useful therapeutic agent against scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory deficit because it has the ability to ameliorate oxidative tissue damage by attenuating reactive astrocytes proliferation and neuron chromatolysis thereby improving memory and motor function.

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Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the Anatomy Department of Bingham University, Karu Nasarawa State Nigeria for providing adequate facility to experiment and Mr. Jonathan Madukwe a Histopathology scientist (Histopathology Department, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria) for his technical assistance in histological and immunohistochemical analysis of this study.

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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Edo University, KM 7 Auchi-Abuja Road Iyamho-Uzairue, P.M.B 04, Auchi, Zip Code 312102, Nigeria

    Adejoke Elizabeth Memudu

  2. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Bingham University, P.M.B 005, Karu, Nassarawa State, Nigeria

    Abosede Esther Adewumi

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Contributions

Adejoke Elizabeth Memudu: Conceptualization, Methodology, data interpretation, Writing- Reviewing and Editing, formal analysis, supervision, Data curation.

Abosede Esther Adewumi: Writing- Reviewing and Editing, formal analysis, resources, data interpretation.

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Correspondence to Adejoke Elizabeth Memudu.

Ethics declarations

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed according to the standard recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and Animal Care and Use in Mental Health; of the National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2011) and the experi-mental protocols approved by the Departmental Research, Animal Care and Use Ethics Committee. The behavioral procedures were carried out in behavioural room equipped with a facility for the test done and the experimental animals were handled in compliance with “Methods and welfare considerations in behavioral research with animals” (National Institutes of Mental Health (2002), and Guidelines for the care and use of mammals in neuroscience and behavioral research (National Research Council 2003).

This research follows standard guidelines involving the use animals of animals as approved by the Anatomy department research ethics committee.

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The authors (Adejoke Elizabeth Memudu and Abosede Esther Adewumi) declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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Memudu, A.E., Adewumi, A.E. Alpha lipoic acid ameliorates scopolamine induced memory deficit and neurodegeneration in the cerebello-hippocampal cortex. Metab Brain Dis 36, 1729–1745 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00720-9

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