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Identifying the Determinants of Hookah Smoking Among the Youth; A Mixed-Methods Study

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Abstract

Hookahs have been rising in popularity in the United States (U.S.) especially among the youth yet not much research has been carried out to understand the various predictors of hookah use among youth. We have thus conducted a cross-sectional study with a mixed-methods triangulation design to identify the hookah use determinants at different levels of the Social Ecological Model among youth. Participants between the ages of 18–24 years were sampled purposively, between April to November 2023, following a snowballing technique from various communities in Virginia and California, United States. Data were collected via a survey, one-on-one interviews, and focus groups. The study had a total sample size of 20. We found that participants smoked for a median of 5 times in the past 30 days. The main determinants of hookah smoking included the limited knowledge of health effects and addiction, positive attitude, family and peer influence, use as a means to socially connect with others, culture, social acceptability, lack of education at school and work place, access to hookah bars and smoke shops, and lack of strict enforcement of laws to ban smoking of youth. Educational interventions should be implemented by public health authorities to target the youth, their social and communities to provide education on hookah harm and addictiveness and to restrict access to- and the production, distribution, marketing and sales of hookahs.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge James Madison University, College of Health and Behavioral Studies, for supporting and funding the study.

Funding

The study was funded College of Health and Behavioral Studies teaching and research grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Cal State University Dominguez Hills, Dominguez Hills, 1000 E Victoria St, Carson, CA, 90747, USA

    Tony Jehi, Parichart Sabado, Archana Sharma & Kristen Emory

  2. Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    Lawrence Beeson

  3. School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    Dania Matta, Patti Herring & Pamela Serban

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Contributions

Conceptualization: [Tony Jehi]; Methodology: [Tony Jehi], [Dania Matta], [Lawrence Beeson], [Pamela Serban], [Patti Herring]; Formal analysis and investigation: [Tony Jehi], [Pamela Serban], [Lawrence Beeson], [Patti Herring], [Parichart Sabado]; Writing—original draft preparation: [Tony Jehi], [Parichart Sabado], [Dania Matta], [Pamela Serban]; Writing—review and editing: [Tony Jehi], [Archana Sharma], [Kristen Emory]; Funding acquisition: [Tony Jehi].

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Correspondence to Tony Jehi.

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Jehi, T., Sabado, P., Beeson, L. et al. Identifying the Determinants of Hookah Smoking Among the Youth; A Mixed-Methods Study. J Community Health 49, 1073–1094 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-024-01374-1

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