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Antimicrobial functionalization of bacterial nanocellulose by loading with polihexanide and povidone-iodine

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Abstract

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is chemically identical with plant cellulose but free of byproducts like lignin, pectin, and hemicelluloses, featuring a unique reticulate network of fine fibers. BNC sheets are mostly obtained by static cultivation. Now, a Horizontal Lift Reactor may provide a cost efficient method for mass production. This is of particular interest as BNC features several properties of an ideal wound dressing although it exhibits no bactericidal activity. Therefore, BNC was functionalized with the antiseptics povidone-iodine (PI) and polihexanide (PHMB). Drug loading and release, mechanical characteristics, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial efficacy were investigated. Antiseptics release was based on diffusion and swelling according to Ritger–Peppas equation. PI-loaded BNC demonstrated a delayed release compared to PHMB due to a high molar drug mass and structural changes induced by PI insertion into BNC that also increased the compressive strength of BNC samples. Biological assays demonstrated high biocompatibility of PI-loaded BNC in human keratinocytes but a distinctly lower antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus compared to PHMB-loaded BNC. Overall, BNC loaded with PHMB demonstrated a better therapeutic window. Moreover, compressive and tensile strength were not changed by incorporation of PHMB into BNC, and solidity during loading and release could be confirmed.

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Abbreviations

AATCC:

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists

BNC:

Bacterial nanocellulose

cBNC:

Cut BNC samples

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium

HoLiR:

Horizontal Lift Reactor

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

LC50 :

Half maximal lethal concentration

MLN:

Microplate laser nephelometry

pBNC:

24-well-plate BNC samples

PHMB:

Polihexanide

PI:

Povidone-iodine

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Ramona Brabetz, Elena Pfaff, and Denise Reichmann for their excellent technical assistance.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Center Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Germany

      Cornelia Wiegand & Uta-Christina Hipler

    2. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany

      Sebastian Moritz, Nadine Hessler, Dana Kralisch & Dagmar Fischer

    3. Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany

      Dana Kralisch & Dagmar Fischer

    4. Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany

      Falko Wesarg & Frank A. Müller

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    1. Cornelia Wiegand
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    Correspondence to Cornelia Wiegand.

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    All authors (NanocellCare) gratefully acknowledge the Thuringian Ministry of Education, Science and Culture and the European Fund for Regional Development (B714-10032). S.M. is grateful to the FAZIT Foundation, Gemeinnützige Verlagsgesellschaft mbH for financial support. Otherwise the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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    Cornelia Wiegand and Sebastian Moritz have contributed equally to this work.

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    Wiegand, C., Moritz, S., Hessler, N. et al. Antimicrobial functionalization of bacterial nanocellulose by loading with polihexanide and povidone-iodine. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 26, 245 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-015-5571-7

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