[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Deeper in BLUE

Development of a roBot for Localization in Unstructured Environments

  • Published:
Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite the progress that has been made with simulators and the existence of datasets, real experimental platforms are, and will continue to be necessary. Well-designed research platforms that produce reliable results and are easy to operate and debug make all the difference in research productivity. In this paper, we show the works that turned a stock electric cart into a research robot called BLUE. It provides a ROS interface that allows real-time control, monitoring, and adjustment of the system. We provide a quantitative performance evaluation, and a GitHub repository that contains all the information required to replicate the process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. ABB: Technical Guide No. 100: High Performance Drives - Speed and torque regulation ABB Industrial Systems (1996)

  2. Agarwal, A., et al.: Design and development of an affordable autonomous vehicle for bike lanes. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2018)

  3. Aulinas, J., Petillot, Y.R., Salvi, J., Lladó, X.: The slam problem: A survey. CCIA 184(1), 363–371 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  4. AUROVA: Clear repository. http://github.com/AUROVA-LAB/CLEAR (2018)

  5. Berger, C.: From a competition for self-driving miniature cars to a standardized experimental platform: concept, models, architecture, and evaluation. arXiv:http://arXiv.org/abs/1406.7768 (2014)

  6. Bogue, R.: Robots poised to revolutionise agriculture. Indus. Robot: Int. J. 43(5), 450–456 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Buehler, M., Iagnemma, K., Singh, S.: The 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge: The Great Robot Race, vol. 36. Springer (2007)

  8. Buehler, M., Iagnemma, K., Singh, S.: The DARPA Urban Challenge: Autonomous Vehicles in City Traffic, vol. 56. Springer (2009)

  9. Carlson, J.: Mapping Large, Urban Environments with GPS-aided Slam. Carnegie Mellon University (2010)

  10. Champeny-Bares, L., Coppersmith, S., Dowling, K.: The terregator mobile robot. Tech. rep., Carnegie-Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA Robotics Inst (1991)

  11. Cup, A.A.D.: Audi autonomous driving cup (2016)

  12. Curtis: Manual for Curtis PMC 1223-1237 MultiMode Motor Controllers. Curtis Instruments (2000)

  13. Dickmanns, E.D., Behringer, R., Dickmanns, D., Hildebrandt, T., Maurer, M., Thomanek, F., Schiehlen, J.: The seeing passenger car ‘vamors-p’. In: Intelligent Vehicles’ 94 Symposium, Proceedings of the, pp. 68–73. IEEE (1994)

  14. Dickmanns, E.D., Zapp, A.: Autonomous high speed road vehicle guidance by computer vision1. IFAC Proc. 20(5), 221–226 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dickmanns, E.D., et al.: Vehicles capable of dynamic vision. In: IJCAI, vol. 97, pp. 1577–1592 (1997)

  16. Rohmer, E.S.P.N., Singh, M.F.: V-rep: A versatile and scalable robot simulation framework. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (2013)

  17. Echeverria, G., Lassabe, N., Degroote, A., Lemaignan, S.: Modular open robots simulation engine: Morse. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 46–51. IEEE (2011)

  18. Fernandes, L.C., Souza, J.R., Pessin, G., Shinzato, P.Y., Sales, D., Mendes, C., Prado, M., Klaser, R., Magalhaes, A.C., Hata, A., et al: Carina intelligent robotic car: Architectural design and applications. J. Syst. Archit. 60(4), 372–392 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. From, P.J., Grimstad, L., Hanheide, M., Pearson, S., Cielniak, G.: Rasberry-robotic and autonomous systems for berry production. Mech. Eng. Mag. Select Articles 140(6), S14–S18 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Garcia, E., Contreras, J., Olmedo, E., Vargas, H., Rosales, L., Candia, F.: Development of a mobile robot prototype based on an embedded system for mapping generation and path planning-image processing & communication-ipc 2018. In: International Conference on Image Processing and Communications, pp. 11–19. Springer (2018)

  21. Geiger, A., Lenz, P., Stiller, C., Urtasun, R.: Vision meets robotics: The KITTI dataset. Int. J. Robot. Res. 32(11), 1231–1237 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Godoy, J., Pérez, J., Onieva, E., Villagrá, J., Milanés, V., Haber, R.: A driverless vehicle demonstration on motorways and in urban environments. Transport 30(3), 253–263 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Gomes, L.: When will google’s self-driving car really be ready? It depends on where you live and what you mean by “ready” [news]. IEEE Spectr. 53(5), 13–14 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. González, E.J., Acosta, L., Hamilton, A., Felipe, J., Sigut, M., Toledo, J., Arnay, R.: Towards a multiagent approach for the verdino prototype. In: International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, pp. 21–24. Springer (2009)

  25. Goto, Y., Stentz, A.: Mobile robot navigation: The CMU system. In: IEEE expert. Citeseer (1987)

  26. Grimstad, L., From, P.J.: The thorvald ii agricultural robotic system. Robotics 6(4), 24 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Grissetti, G., Stachniss, C., Burgard, W.: Gmapping

  28. Guzmán, R., Navarro, R., Cantero, M., Ariño, J.: Robotnik—professional service robotics applications with ros (2). In: Robot Operating System (ROS), pp. 419–447. Springer (2017)

  29. Hebert, M.: Outdoor scene analysis using range data. In: 1986 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Proceedings, vol. 3, pp. 1426–1432. IEEE (1986)

  30. Hernández, D., Trejo, H., Ordoñez, E.: Development of an exploration land robot using low-cost and open source platforms for educational purposes. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 582, p. 012007. IOP Publishing (2015)

  31. Huang, X., Cheng, X., Geng, Q., Cao, B., Zhou, D., Wang, P., Lin, Y., Yang, R.: The apolloscape dataset for autonomous driving. arXiv:1803.06184 (2018)

  32. Jochem, T., Pomerleau, D.: No Hands Across America Official Press Release. Carnegie Mellon University (1995)

  33. Kayacan, E., Kayacan, E., Ramon, H., Kaynak, O., Saeys, W.: Towards agrobots: Trajectory control of an autonomous tractor using type-2 fuzzy logic controllers. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 20(1), 287–298 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kemp, C.C., Edsinger, A., Torres-Jara, E.: Challenges for robot manipulation in human environments [grand challenges of robotics]. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 14(1), 20–29 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ko, M.H., Ryuh, B.S., Kim, K.C., Suprem, A., Mahalik, N.P.: Autonomous greenhouse mobile robot driving strategies from system integration perspective: Review and application. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 20 (4), 1705–1716 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Koenig, N., Howard, A.: Design and use paradigms for gazebo, an open-source multi-robot simulator. In: 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2004. (IROS 2004). Proceedings, vol. 3, pp. 2149–2154. IEEE (2004)

  37. Kweon, I.S., Goto, Y., Matsuzaki, K., Obatake, T.: CMU sidewalk navigation system: A blackboard-based outdoor navigation system using sensor fusion with colored-range images. In: Fall Joint Computer Conference. IEEE (1986)

  38. Kweon, I.S., Hebvert, M., Kanade, T.: Sensor fusion of range and reflectance data for outdoor scene analysis (1988)

  39. Litman, T.: Autonomous vehicle implementation predictions. Victoria Transport Policy Institute 28 (2014)

  40. Maddern, W., Pascoe, G., Linegar, C., Newman, P.: 1 year, 1000 km: The Oxford robotcar dataset. Int. J. Robot. Res. 36(1), 3–15 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Willmott, P., Dewhurst, M.: A future that works: Automation, employment, and productivity. Tech. rep., McKinsey Global Institute (2017)

  42. Marin, L., Vallés, M., Soriano, A., Valera, A., Albertos, P.: Event-based localization in Ackermann steering limited resource mobile robots. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 19(4), 1171–1182 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Markom, M.A., Shukor, S.A.A., Adom, A.H., Tan, E.S.M.M., Shakaff, A.Y.M.: Indoor scanning and mapping using mobile robot and rp lidar. IEEE IRIS (2015)

  44. Michel, O.: Cyberbotics ltd. webots: Professional mobile robot simulation. Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst. 1(1), 5 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Montemerlo, M., Becker, J., Bhat, S., Dahlkamp, H., Dolgov, D., Ettinger, S., Haehnel, D., Hilden, T., Hoffmann, G., Huhnke, B., et al.: Junior: The Stanford entry in the urban challenge. J. Field Robot. 25(9), 569–597 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Montes, H., Salinas, C., Fernández, R., Armada, M.: An experimental platform for autonomous bus development. Appl. Sci. 7(11), 1131 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Moore, T., Stouch, D.: A generalized extended Kalman filter implementation for the robot operating system. In: Intelligent Autonomous Systems, vol. 13, pp. 335–348. Springer (2016)

  48. Nagaty, A., Saeedi, S., Thibault, C., Seto, M., Li, H.: Control and navigation framework for quadrotor helicopters. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 70(1–4), 1–12 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Nilsson, N.J.: A mobile automaton: An application of artificial intelligence techniques. Tech. rep., Sri International Menlo Park CA Artificial Intelligence Center (1969)

  50. Oksanen, T.: Accuracy and performance experiences of four wheel steered autonomous agricultural tractor in sowing operation. In: Field and Service Robotics, pp. 425–438. Springer (2015)

  51. Pinciroli, C., Trianni, V., O’Grady, R., Pini, G., Brutschy, A., Brambilla, M., Mathews, N., Ferrante, E., Di Caro, G., Ducatelle, F., et al.: Argos: A modular, parallel, multi-engine simulator for multi-robot systems. Swarm Intell. 6(4), 271–295 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. del Pino, I., Muñoz Bañón, M.A., Contreras, M. Á, Cova, S., Candelas, F.A., Torres, F.: Speed estimation for control of an unmanned ground vehicle using extremely low resolution sensors. In: To appear in 15th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO) (2018)

  53. del Pino, I., Cova, S., Contreras, M. Á, Candelas, F.A., Torres, F.: Presenting blue: A robot for localization in unstructured environments. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Autonomous Robot Systems and Competitions (ICARSC), pp. 130–135. IEEE (2018)

  54. del Pino, I., Vaquero, V., Masini, B., Solà, J., Moreno-Noguer, F., Sanfeliu, A., Andrade-Cetto, J.: Low resolution lidar-based multi-object tracking for driving applications. In: Iberian Robotics conference, pp. 287–298. Springer (2017)

  55. Pomerleau, D., Jochem, T.: Rapidly adapting machine vision for automated vehicle steering. IEEE Expert 11(2), 19–27 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Quigley, M., Conley, K., Gerkey, B., Faust, J., Foote, T., Leibs, J., Wheeler, R., Ng, A.Y.: Ros: An open-source robot operating system. In: ICRA Workshop on Open Source Software, vol. 3, p. 5. Kobe (2009)

  57. ROS: List of robots supporting ros. http://robots.ros.org (2018)

  58. Sukkarieh, S., Nebot, E.M., Durrant-Whyte, H.F.: A high integrity IMU/GPS navigation loop for autonomous land vehicle applications. IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom. 15(3), 572–578 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Shimchik, I., Sagitov, A., Afanasyev, I., Matsuno, F., Magid, E.: Golf cart prototype development and navigation simulation using ros and gazebo. In: MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 75, p. 09005. EDP Sciences (2016)

  60. Skog, I., Handel, P.: In-car positioning and navigation technologies—a survey. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 10(1), 4–21 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Skrzypczyński, P.: Mobile robot localization: where we are and what are the challenges? In: International Conference Automation, pp. 249–267. Springer (2017)

  62. Sola, J.: Simultaneous localization and mapping with the extended Kalman filter. Avery quick guide with MATLAB code (2013)

  63. Staranowicz, A., Mariottini, G.L.: A survey and comparison of commercial and open-source robotic simulator software. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, p. 56. ACM (2011)

  64. Thrun, S.: Toward robotic cars. Commun. ACM 53(4), 99–106 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Thrun, S., Montemerlo, M., Dahlkamp, H., Stavens, D., Aron, A., Diebel, J., Fong, P., Gale, J., Halpenny, M., Hoffmann, G., et al.: Stanley: The robot that won the darpa grand challenge. J. Field Robot. 23(9), 661–692 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Toledo, J., Piñeiro, J.D., Arnay, R., Acosta, D., Acosta, L.: Improving odometric accuracy for an autonomous electric cart. Sensors 18(1), 200 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Torres, P.M., Gonçalves, P.J.: Robotic platform for autonomous driving competition using ros. Roman. Rev. Precis. Mech. Opt. Mechatron. 45, 114 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Turk, M.A., Morgenthaler, D.G., Gremban, K.D., Marra, M.: Vits-a vision system for autonomous land vehicle navigation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 10(3), 342–361 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Vaquero, V., del Pino, I., Moreno-Noguer, F., Solà, J., Sanfeliu, A., Andrade-Cetto, J.: Deconvolutional networks for point-cloud vehicle detection and tracking in driving scenarios. In: European Conference on Mobile Robotics, 2017. (ECMR-2017). IEEE (2017)

  70. Vaughan, R.T., Gerkey, B.P.: Reusable robot software and the player/stage project. In: Brugali, D. (ed.) Software Engineering for Experimental Robotics, pp 267–289. Springer, Berlin (2007)

  71. Ye, Y., Wang, Z., Jones, D., He, L., Taylor, M.E., Hollinger, G.A., Zhang, Q.: Bin-dog: A robotic platform for bin management in orchards. Robotics 6(2), 12 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Yin, X., Du, J., Noguchi, N., Yang, T., Jin, C.: Development of autonomous navigation system for rice transplanter. Int. J. Agri. Biol. Eng. 11(6), 89–94 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Yu, F., Xian, W., Chen, Y., Liu, F., Liao, M., Madhavan, V., Darrell, T.: Bdd100k: A diverse driving video database with scalable annotation tooling. ArXiv e-prints (2018)

  74. Ziebinski, A., Cupek, R., Erdogan, H., Waechter, S.: A survey of adas technologies for the future perspective of sensor fusion. In: International Conference on Computational Collective Intelligence, pp. 135–146. Springer (2016)

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Juan Andrade-Cetto and Joan Solà from the Institut de Robòtica i Informàtica Industrial (IRI) for their advice and valuable discussion. We also would like to thank Mr. Antonio López Moraga, part time instructor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Alicante, for his help in the calibration of the GNSS receivers, and María Cutillas Muñoz for the excellent concept illustration in Fig. ??.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iván del Pino.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This work has been supported by the Spanish Goverment through the FPU grant FPU15/04446 and the research project DPI2015-68087-R.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

del Pino, I., Muñoz-Bañon, M.Á., Cova-Rocamora, S. et al. Deeper in BLUE. J Intell Robot Syst 98, 207–225 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-019-00983-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-019-00983-6

Keywords

Navigation