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Electrochemical sensor based on a thin film of organokaolinite material modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and application to the simultaneous sensitive detection of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions in contaminated water

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Abstract

A pure natural kaolinite (K) was modified by intercalation and grafting into the interlayer space of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine (HEP). The resulting organo-inorganic hybrid material (referred as KHEP) was characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The electrochemical characterisation of K and KHEP materials was carried out by studying the electrochemical behaviour using cyclic voltammetry of [Fe(CN)6]3− ions on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a film of each of these materials (GCE/K and GCE/KHEP). The GCE/KHEP organokaolinite film electrode was successfully applied for the simultaneous detection of Pb(II) and Cu(II) in contaminated media. The peak currents of Pb(II) and Cu(II) obtained under the same optimal conditions on GCE/KHEP were much more intense than those obtained on GCE/K and bare GCE. Under optimal conditions, the influence of the concentration of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the peak currents was studied for several concentration ranges. The obtained linear calibration curves were then used to calculate the different limits of detection (LOD) on the basis of a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Thus, in simultaneous detection and for the concentration range from 0.02 to 0.12 µmol L−1 (pH accumulation medium 5.0) and for each of the ions analysed, LODs of 1.942 nmol L−1 for Cu(II) and a LOD of 1.072 nmol L−1 for Pb(II) were obtained. The GCE/KHEP sensor developed in this work was successfully applied for the simultaneous detection of Pb(II) and Cu(II) in real samples.

Graphical abstract

ASSWV signal corresponding to the simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions recorded on unmodified GCE (black curve), GCE/K; (red curve) and GCE/KHEP (blue curve) in 0.2 mol L−1 NaNO3 (with pH adjusted at 2.5) after 7 min of accumulation in aqueous medium (pH 5.0) of each ion at the concentration at 2.0 µmol L−1. Other experimental conditions are as follows: telec: 80 s, Eelec: − 0.90 V, Potential amplitude: 0.05 V, Step potential (V): 0.005 V and Frequency: 50 Hz.

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Data availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article. The data that support the findings of this study are available from corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was financed partially by a Discovery Grant of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The Canada Foundation for Innovation and the Ontario Research Fund are gratefully acknowledged for infrastructure grants to the Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation of the University of Ottawa. The authors thank the International Science Programme (ISP, Sweden) for its support to the African Network of Electroanalytical Chemist (ANEC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon

    Guy Bertrand Piegang Ngassa, Laura Nintedem, Sorelle Aurnella Yameni Tchonguang & Hyane Fredolin Leuga Fogang

  2. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Guy Bertrand Piegang Ngassa, Rodrigue Tchoffo & Michèle Boutianala

  3. Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon

    Ignas Kenfack Tonle

  4. Department of Chemistry and Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, K1 N6 N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Guy Bertrand Piegang Ngassa

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GBPN conceptualization and original draft writing, data collection and formal analysis. RT data collection and formal analysis. MB data collection and formal analysisI. KT funding acquisition supervised the present work. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Ngassa, G.B.P., Tchoffo, R., Boutianala, M. et al. Electrochemical sensor based on a thin film of organokaolinite material modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and application to the simultaneous sensitive detection of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions in contaminated water. J Appl Electrochem 54, 2339–2359 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-024-02101-3

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