[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Smart Contracts for Service-Level Agreements in Edge-to-Cloud Computing

  • Published:
Journal of Grid Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The management of Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) in Edge-to-Cloud computing is a complex task due to the great heterogeneity of computing infrastructures and networks and their varying runtime conditions, which influences the resulting Quality of Service (QoS). SLA-management should be supported by formal assurances, ranking and verification of various microservice deployment options. This work introduces a novel Smart Contract (SC) based architecture that provides for SLA management among relevant entities and actors in a decentralised computing environment: Virtual Machines (VMs), Cloud service consumers and Cloud providers. Its key components are especially designed SC functions, a trustless Smart Oracle (Chainlink) and a probabilistic Markov Decision Process. The novel architecture is implemented on Ethereum ledger (testnet). The results show its feasibility for SLA management including low costs operation within dynamic and decentralised Edge-to-Cloud federations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., Ayyash, M.: Internet of things: a survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 17(4), 2347–2376 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S.: Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. In: Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing, pp 13–16. ACM (2012)

  3. Buterin, V.: Ethereum white paper. GitHub repository. https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper (2013)

  4. Buyya, R., Garg, S.K., Calheiros, R.N.: Sla-oriented resource provisioning for cloud computing: Challenges, architecture, and solutions. In: 2011 International Conference on Cloud and Service Computing, pp 1–10, IEEE (2011)

  5. Carminati, B., Ferrari, E., Rondanini, C.: Blockchain as a platform for secure inter-organizational business processes. In: 2018 IEEE 4th International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC), pp. 122–129 (2018)

  6. Castillo, E.A., Ahmadinia, A.: Distributed deep convolutional neural network for smart camera image recognition. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras, pp. 169–173 (2017)

  7. Chen, S., Choo, K.R., Fu, X., Lou, W., Mohaisen, A. (eds.): Security and Privacy in Communication Networks - 15th EAI International Conference, SecureComm 2019, Orlando, FL, USA, October 23-25, 2019, Proceedings, Part I, Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol. 304. Springer, Berlin (2019)

  8. Dastjerdi, A., Gupta, H., Calheiros, R., Ghosh, S.: Chapter 4—fog computing: Principles, architectures, and applications. ininternet of things: Principles and paradigms, ed. r. buyya, and av dastjerdi, pp. 61–75 (2016)

  9. Ethereum core team: web3.js-ethereum javascript api v.1.2.7. https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.7/ (2016)

  10. Gill, S.S., Buyya, R.: Resource provisioning based scheduling framework for execution of heterogeneous and clustered workloads in clouds: from fundamental to autonomic offering. Journal of Grid Computing 17(3), 385–417 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gill, S.S., Chana, I., Singh, M., Buyya, R.: Chopper: an intelligent qos-aware autonomic resource management approach for cloud computing. Clust. Comput. 21(2), 1203–1241 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gill, S.S., Tuli, S., Xu, M., Singh, I., Singh, K.V., Lindsay, D., Tuli, S., Smirnova, D., Singh, M., Jain, U., et al.: Transformative effects of iot, blockchain and artificial intelligence on cloud computing: Evolution, vision, trends and open challenges. Internet of Things 8, 100118 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hang, L., Kim, D.H.: Sla-based sharing economy service with smart contract for resource integrity in the internet of things. Appl. Sci. 9(17), 3602 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kochovski, P., Stankovski, V.: Supporting smart construction with dependable edge computing infrastructures and applications. Autom. Constr. 85, 182–192 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kochovski, P., Drobintsev, P.D., Stankovski, V.: Formal quality of service assurances, ranking and verification of cloud deployment options with a probabilistic model checking method. Information and Software Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2019.01.003 (2019)

  16. Kochovski, P., Gec, S., Stankovski, V., Bajec, M., Drobintsev, P.D.: Trust management in a blockchain based fog computing platform with trustless smart oracles. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 101, 747–759 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Labidi, T., Mtibaa, A., Gaaloul, W., Tata, S., Gargouri, F.: Cloud Sla modeling and monitoring. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC), pp 338–345, IEEE (2017)

  18. Li, X., Ma, H., Zhou, F., Gui, X.: Service operator-aware trust scheme for resource matchmaking across multiple clouds. IEEE Trans. Parallel and distributed systems 26(5), 1419–1429 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mubeen, S., Asadollah, S.A., Papadopoulos, A.V., Ashjaei, M., Pei-Breivold, H., Behnam, M.: Management of service level agreements for cloud services in iot: a systematic mapping study. IEEE Access 6, 30184–30207 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Müller, C., Oriol, M., Franch, X., Marco, J., Resinas, M., Ruiz-Cortés, A., Rodríguez, M.: Comprehensive explanation of sla violations at runtime. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 7(2), 168–183 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System. Tech. rep., Manubot (2019)

  22. Paščinski, U., Trnkoczy, J., Stankovski, V., Cigale, M., Gec, S.: Qos-aware orchestration of network intensive software utilities within software defined data centres. Journal of Grid Computing 16(1), 85–112 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Rawat, D.B., Brecher, C., Song, H., Jeschke, S.: Industrial Internet of Things: Cybermanufacturing Systems. Springer (2017)

  24. Savi, M., Santoro, D., Di Meo, K., Pizzolli, D., Pincheira, M., Giaffreda, R., Cretti, S., Sw, Kum, Siracusa, D.: A blockchain-based brokerage platform for fog computing resource federation. In: Conference on Innovation in Clouds, Internet and Networks (2020)

  25. Scheid, E.J., Rodrigues, B.B., Granville, L.Z., Stiller, B.: Enabling dynamic Sla compensation using blockchain-based smart contracts. In: 2019 IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM), pp 53–61. IEEE (2019)

  26. Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Xu, L.: Edge computing: Vision and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3(5), 637–646 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Singh, S., Chana, I.: Resource provisioning and scheduling in clouds: Qos perspective. J. Supercomput. 72(3), 926–960 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Singh, S., Chana, I., Buyya, R.: Star: Sla-aware autonomic management of cloud resources. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing (2017)

  29. Song, H., Rawat, D.B., Jeschke, S., Brecher, C.: Cyber-physical systems: foundations, principles and applications. Morgan Kaufmann (2016)

  30. Song, H., Fink, G.A., Jeschke S: Security and Privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems. Wiley Online Library (2017)

  31. Taherizadeh, S., Stankovski, V.: Dynamic multi-level auto-scaling rules for containerized applications. Comput. J 62(2), 174–197 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Wöhrer, M., Zdun, U.: Design patterns for smart contracts in the ethereum ecosystem. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), pp. 1513–1520 (2018)

  33. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., Zorzi, M.: Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things journal 1(1), 22–32 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang, F., Cecchetti, E., Croman, K., Juels, A., Shi, E.: Town crier: An authenticated data feed for smart contracts. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016/168, https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/168 (2016)

  35. Zhang, H., Ye, L., Shi, J., Du, X., Guizani, M.: Verifying cloud service-level agreement by a third-party auditor. Security and Communication Networks 7(3), 492–502 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhou, H., Ouyang, X., Ren, Z., Su, J., de Laat, C., Zhao, Z.: A blockchain based witness model for trustworthy cloud service level agreement enforcement. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2019-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, pp. 1567–1575. IEEE (2019)

  37. Zhou, H., Ouyang, X., Su, J., de Laat, C., Zhao, Z.: Enforcing trustworthy cloud sla with witnesses: a game theory–based model using smart contracts. Concurrency and Computation:, Practice and Experience, pp. e5511 (2019)

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research and development reported in this paper have received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 815141 (DECENTER: Decentralised technologies for orchestrated Cloud-to-Edge intelligence) and grant agreement no. 957338 (ONTOCHAIN: Trusted, traceable and transparent ontological knowledge on blockchain).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Petar Kochovski, Vlado Stankovski & Sandi Gec

  2. University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Marco Savi

  3. Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy

    Francescomaria Faticanti, Marco Savi & Domenico Siracusa

  4. University of Trento, Trento, Italy

    Francescomaria Faticanti

  5. Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea

    Seungwoo Kum

Authors
  1. Petar Kochovski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vlado Stankovski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sandi Gec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Francescomaria Faticanti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Marco Savi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Domenico Siracusa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Seungwoo Kum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vlado Stankovski.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kochovski, P., Stankovski, V., Gec, S. et al. Smart Contracts for Service-Level Agreements in Edge-to-Cloud Computing. J Grid Computing 18, 673–690 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-020-09534-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-020-09534-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation