[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Time-Dependent Behaviour of Brittle Rocks Based on Static Load Laboratory Tests

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cumulative elastic and inelastic strain and associated internal stress changes as well as damage evolution over time in brittle rocks control the long-term evolution of the rockmass around underground openings or the land surface settlement. This long-term behaviour is associated with time-dependent deformation and is commonly investigated under static load (creep) conditions in laboratory scale. In this study, low Jurassic and Cobourg limestone samples were tested at different static load levels in unconfined conditions to examine the time to failure. Comparisons are made with longterm testing data in granites and limestones associated with the Canadian nuclear waste program and other data from the literature. Failure typically occurred within the time limits of the test program (4 months) with axial (differential) stress levels near or above the crack damage threshold (CD) estimated from baseline testing. The results also suggest that the time to failure of limestone is longer than that of granite at a given driving stress. Further insight into samples that did not reach failure was investigated and it was found that there was a clear division between failure and no failure samples based on the Maxwell viscosity of the samples tested (indicating that viscosity changes near the yield threshold of these rocks. Furthermore, samples showed a clear tendency towards failure within minutes to hours when loaded above CD and no failure was shown for samples loaded below CI (crack initiation threshold). Samples loaded between CD and CI show a region of uncertainty, with some failing and other not at similar driving stress-ratios. Although such testing is demanding in terms of setup, control of conditions, continuous utilization of test and data acquisition equipment and data processing, it yields important information about the long-term behaviour of brittle rocks, such as the expect time to failure and the visco-elastic behaviour. The information presented in this paper can be utilized for preliminary numerical studies to gain an understanding of potential impact of long-term deformations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abass HH, Al-Mulhem AA, Alqam MS, Mirajuddin KR (2006) Acid fracturing or proppant fracturing in carbonate formation? A rock mechanic’s view. In: Proceedings of SPE annual technical conference and exhibition held in San Antonio, Texas, USA

  • Amitrano D, Helmstetter A (2006) Brittle creep, damage and time to failure in rocks. J Geophys Res 111(B11201):1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Amitrano D, Grasso JR, Hantz D (1999) From diffuse to localized damage through elastic interaction. Geophys Res Lett 26(14):2109–2112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anagnostou G (2007) Practical consequences of the time-dependency of ground behaviour for tunnelling. In: Proceedings of rapid excavation and tunnelling conference, Toronto

  • Anderson OL (1977) Stress-corrosion theory of crack propagation with applications to geophysics. J Rev Geophys Space Phys 15:77–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apuani T, Masetti M, Rossi M (2007) Stress–strain–time numerical modelling of a deep-seated gravitational slope deformation: preliminary results. Quatern Int 171–172:80–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ASTM (2008) Standard test methods for creep of rock core under constant stress and temperature, D7070-08

  • Aydan O, Akagi T, Kawamoto T (1993) The squeezing potential of rocks around tunnels; theory and prediction. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 26(2):137–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aydan O, Akagi T, Kawamoto T (1996) The squeezing potential of rock around tunnels: theory and prediction with examples taken from Japan. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 29(3):125–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barla G, Bonini M, Debernardi D (2008) Time dependent deformations in squeezing tunnels. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference of international association for computer methods and advances in geomechanics (IACMAG), Goa, India

  • Barla G, Bonini M, Debernardi D (2010) Time dependent deformations in squeezing tunnels. Int J Geoeng Case Hist 2(1):819–824

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton NR (1974) Estimating the shear strength of rock joints. In: Proceedings of the 3rd congress, ISRM. Denver, pp 1–7

  • Berest P, Blum P, Charpentier J, Gharbi H, Vales F (2005) Very slow creep tests on rock samples. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 42:569–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besterfield DH (1979) Quality control. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, p 309

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieniawski T (1967) Mechanism of brittle fracture of rock, parts I, II, and III. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 4(4):395–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bieniawski T (1974) Geomechanics classification of rockmasses and its application in tunnelling. In: Proceedings of the 3rd congress, ISRM, Denver

  • Bonini M, Debernardi D, Barla M, Barla G (2009) The mechanical behaviour of clay shales and implications on the design of tunnels. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 42(2):361–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boukharov GN, Chanda MW, Boukharov NG (1995) The three processes of brittle crystalline rock creep. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech 32(4):325–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brace WR, Paulding BW Jr, Scholz C (1966) Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks. J Geophys Res 71(3939–3953):40–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Brantut N, Heap MJ, Meredith PG, Baud P (2013) Time-dependent cracking and brittle creep in crustal rocks: a review. J Struct Geol 52:17–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charles R (1959) The static fatigue of glass. J Appl Phys 29:1549–1560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Chugh Y (1996) Estimation of in situ visco-elastic parameter of weak floor strata by plate-loading tests. J Geotech Geol Eng 14(2):151–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chin HP, Rogers DJ (1987) Creep parameters of rocks on an engineering scale. Rock Mech Rock Eng 20:137–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chugh YP, Nath R, Shankar S (1987) Time-dependent behaviour of immediate weak floor strata from an Illinois coal mine. In: Proceedings of 6th international conference on ground control in mining, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, pp 204–218

  • Colback PSB, Widd BL (1965) The influence of moisture content of compressive strength of rock. In: Proceedings of 3rd Canadian rock mechanics symposium, Toronto, pp 65–83

  • Cristescu ND (2009) Time effects in rock mechanics. In: Proceedings of the SME annual conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico

  • Cruden DM (1974) The static fatigue of brittle rock under uniaxial compression. Int J. Rock Mech. Mine Sci 11:67–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • da Andrade ENC (1910) On the viscous flow in metals and allied phenomena. Proc R Soc Lond A 84:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damjanac B, Fairhurst C (2010) Evidence for a long-term strength threshold in crystalline rock. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 43(5):513–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis GH, Reynolds SJ, Kluth CF (2012) Structural geology of rocks and regions, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York. ISBN 978-1-118-21505-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Debernardi D (2008) Viscoplastic behaviour and design of tunnels. Ph.D. thesis. Politecnico di Torino, Italy

  • Diederichs MS (1999) Instability of hard rockmasses: the role of tensile damage and relaxation. Ph.D. thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

  • Diederichs MS (2003) Rock fracture and collapse under low confinement conditions. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 36(5):339–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diederichs MS, Martin CD (2010) Measurement of spalling parameters from laboratory testing. In: Proceedings of Eurock, Lausanne, Switzerland

  • Diederichs MS, Kaiser PK, Eberhardt E (2004) Damage initiation and propagation in hard rock during tunnelling and the influence of near-face stress rotation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(5):785–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dragon A, Mroz Z (1979) A model for plastic creep of rock-like materials accounting for the kinetics of fracture. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech 16:253–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunham RJ (1962) Classification of carbo-hidenate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham WE (ed) Classification of carbo-hidenate rocks: American association of petroleum geologists memoir, pp 108–121

  • Dusseault MB, Fordham CJ (1993) Time-dependent behaviour of rocks. In: Hudson JA (ed) Comprehensive rock engineering, vol 3. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 119–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt E, Stead D, Stimpson B, Read RS (1998) Identifying crack initiation and propagation thresholds in brittle rock. Can Geotech J 35:222–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Einstein HH (1996) Tunnelling in difficult ground—swelling behaviour and identification of swelling rocks. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 29(3):113–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairhurst C, Cook NGW (1966) The phenomenon of rock splitting parallel to the direction of maximum compression in the neighborhood of a surface. In: Proceedings of the 1st congress on the international society of rock mechanics, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, vol 1, pp 687–692

  • Feng XT, Chen BR, Yang CX, Zhiou H (2006) Intelligent analysis of rheological characteristic of rock materials. In: Proceedings of multiphysics coupling and long-term behaviour of rock mechanics, pp 275–280

  • Fifer Bizjak K, Zupancic A (2009) Site and laboratory investigation of the Slano blato landslide. Eng Geol 105:171–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghazvnian E (2015) Fracture initiation and propagation in low porosity crystalline rocks: implications for excavation damage zone (EDZ) mechanics. Ph.D. thesis, Queen’ s University, Canada

  • Gioda G (1981) A finite element solution of non-linear creep problems in rocks. J Rock Mech Sci Geomech 18:35–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glamheden R, Hokmark H (2010) Creep in jointed rockmasses. State of the knowledge. SKB

  • Goodman R (1980) Introduction to rock mechanics, 1st edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorski B, Anderson T, Conlon B (2009) DGR site characterization documents, technical reports TR-08-11. www.nwmo.ca

  • Gorski B, Anderson T, Conlon B (2010) DGR site characterization documents, technical reports TR-08-36. www.nwmo.ca

  • Gruden DN (1971) Single-increment creep experiments on rock under uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 8:127–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guan Z, Jiang Y, Tanabashi Y, Huang H (2008) A new rheological model and its application in mountain tunnelling. J Tunnel Under Space Tech 23:292–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagros A, Johanson E, Hudson JA (2008) Time dependency in the mechanical properties of crystalline rocks: a literature survey. Possiva OY, Finland

  • Hao SW, Zhang BJ, Tian JF, Elsworth D (2014) Predicting time-to-failure in rock extrapolated from secondary creep. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 119:1942–1953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy HR Jr, Kim RY, Stefanko R, Wang YJ (1970) Creep and microseismic activity in geologic materials. In: Proceedings of 1st symposium on rock mechanics (AIME), pp 377–414

  • Harvey DR (1967) Thermal expansion of certain Illinois limestones and dolomites. State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education, Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois

  • Heap MJ, Baud P, Meredith PG, Vinciguerra S, Bell AF, Main IG (2011) Brittle creep in basalt and its application to time-dependent volcano deformationJ. Earth Planet Sci Lett 37(1–2):71–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoek E, Brown T (1980) Underground excavations in rock. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson JA, Harrison JP (1997) Engineering rock mechanics—an introduction to the principles. Elsevier, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • ISRM (1979) Suggested methods for determining the uniaxial compressive strength and deformability of rock materials. 16(2):138–140

  • ISRM (2014) Suggested methods for determining the creep characteristics of rock. 47:275–290

  • Jandakaew M (2007) Stress-path dependency of rock salt, rock mechanics, Fuenkajorn & Phien-wej (eds), pp 171–188

  • Kawada Y, Nagahama H (2004) Viscoelastic behaviour and temporal fractal properties of lherzolite and marble. Terra Nova 16:128–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korzeniowski W (1991) Rheological model of hard rock pillar. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 24:155–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz RL, Scholz CH (1977) Critical dilatant volume of rocks at the onset of tertiary creep. J Geophys Res 82(4):893–894, 898

  • Kranz R, Harris WJ, Carter NL (1982) Static fatigue of granite at 200 C. J Geophys Res 9:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladanyi B, Gill DE (1988) Design of tunnel linings in a creeping rock. Int J Min Geol Eng 6:113–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lajtai EZ (1974) Brittle failure in compression. Int J Fract 10(4):525–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lajtai EZ (1998) Microscopic fracture processes in a granite. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 31:237–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lajtai E, Bielus LP (1986) Stress corrosion cracking of Lac du Bonnet granite in tension and compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 19:71–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lajtai EZ, Schmidtke RH (1986) Delayed failure in rock loaded in uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 19:11–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lajtai EZ, Duncan J, Carter J (1991) The effect of strain rate on rock strength. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 24:99–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau JSO, Conlon B (1997) Long-term loading tests on Lac du Bonnet pink granite. Report MMSL 97-076(CR), CANMET, Natural Resources Canada

  • Lau J, Gorski B, Conlon B, Anderson T (2000) Long-term loading tests on saturated granite and granodiorite, CANMET

  • Lauffer H (1958) Gebirgsklassiferung fuer den Stollenbau. Geol Bauwes 24:46–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin Q (2006) Strength degradation and damage micromechanism of granite under long-term loading. Ph.D., University of Hong-Kong

  • Liu X, Yang X, Wang J (2016) A nonlinear creep model of rock salt and its numerical implement in FLAC3D. Adv Materi Sci Eng 285158. doi:10.1155/2015/285158

  • Lockner D (1993) Room temperature creep in saturated granite. J. Geophys Res 98:475–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lockner DJ, Byrlee (1980) Development of fracture planes during creep in granite. In: Proceedings of 2nd conference on acoustic emission/microseismic activity in geological structures and materials. Trans Tech Publication, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, pp 11–25

  • Lockner DA, Moore DE, Reches Z (1992) Microcrack intersection leading to fracture. Rock mechanics. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 807–816

    Google Scholar 

  • Malan DF, Vogler UW, Drescher K (1997) Time-dependent behaviour of hard rock in deep level gold mines. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 97:135–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcato G, Mantovani M, Pasuto A, Tagliavini F, Silvano S, Zabuski L (2009) Assessing the possible future development of the Tessina landslide using numerical modelling, mountain risks. In: Proceeding of the 6th framework program of the European Commission. Italy

  • Martin CD (1993) The strength of massive Lac du Bonnet granite around underground openings. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manitoba

  • Martin CD (1997) Seventeenth Canadian geotechnical colloquium: the effect of cohesion loss and stress path on brittle rock strength. Can Geotech J 34(5):698–725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin D, Chandler A (1994) The progressive fracture of Lac du Bonnet granite. J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech 31(6):643–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin CD, Kaiser PK, McCreath DR (1999) Hoek–Brown parameters for predicting the depth of brittle failure around tunnels. Can Geotech J 36(1):136–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minkley W, Menzel W, Konietzky H, te Kamp L (2001) A visco-elasto-plastic softening model and its application for solving static and dynamic stability problems in potash mining. In: Proceedings of 2nd international FLAC symposium, Lyon

  • Nicksiar M, Martin CD (2012) Evaluation of methods for determining crack initiation in compression tests on low-porosity rocks. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(4):607–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ottosen NS (1986) Visco-elastic-viscoplastic formulas for analysis in rock salt cavities. Int J Rock Mech Min Struct Geomech Abstr 23(3):201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmstrom A (1995) RMi—a rockmass characterization system for rock engineering purposes. Ph.D. thesis. University of Oslo, Norway, p 400

  • Paraskevopoulou C (2016) Time-dependency of rocks and implications associated with tunnelling. Ph.D. thesis

  • Paraskevopoulou C, Benardos A (2013) Assessing the construction cost of tunnel projects. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 38:497–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paraskevopoulou C, Perras M, Diederichs MS, Amaan F, Löw S, Lam T (2015) Long-term static load laboratory testing behaviour of different rock types. In: Proceedings of the Canadian geotechnical symposium GeoQuebec on challenges from North to South. Quebec

  • Paraskevopoulou C, Perras M, Diederichs MS, Löw S (2017) The three stages of stress-relaxation - observations for the long-term behaviour of rocks based on laboratory testing. J Eng Geol 216:56–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellet FL (2010) Large time–dependent convergences in a tunnel excavated in a carboniferous rockmass. In: Proceeding of the 6th Asian rock mechanics symposium, New Delhi, India, No 79

  • Pellet F, Hajdu A, Deleruyelle F, Bensus F (2005) A visco-plastic model including anisotropic damage for the time-dependent behaviour of rock. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 29:941–970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng SS (1973) Relaxation and the behaviour of failed rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech 10:235–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perras MA, Diederichs MS (2014) A review of the tensile strength of rock: concepts and testing. J Geotech Geol Eng 32:525–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perras MA, Diederichs MS (2016) Predicting excavation damage zone depth in brittle rock. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 8(1):60–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perzyna P (1966) Fundamental problems in viscoplasticity. Adv Appl Mech 9(2):244–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimienta L, Fortin J, Gueguen Y (2014) Investigation of elastic weakening in limestone and sandstone samples from moisture adsorption. Int J Geophys 199:335–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podnieks ER, Chamberlain PG, Thill RE (1968) Environmental effects on rock properties. In: Proceedings of the tenth symposium of rock mechanics, University of Missouri at Rolla

  • Potyondy D (2007) Simulating stress corrosion with a bonded-particle model for rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44:677–693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman SS, Kagan M, Marx C (1992) Prediction of borehole stability in tar sands with the use of a rheological model. J Energy Sources 14:225–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidtke H, Lajtai Z (1985) The long-term strength of Lac du Bonnet granite. J Rock Mech Min Sci Geotech 22:461–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz CH (1968) Mechanism of creep in brittle rock. J Geophys Res 73(10):3295–3302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharifzadeh M, Tarifard A, Moridi MA (2013) Time-dependent behaviour of tunnel lining in weak rockmass based on displacement back analysis method. J Tunn Undergr Space Technol 38:348–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh DP (1975) A study of creep of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Sci Geomech 12:271–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh AK, Balasingh C, Mao H-K, Hemley RJ, Shu J (1998) Analysis of lattice strains measured under nonhydrostatic pressure. J Appl Phys 83:7567–7575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sofianos A, Nomikos P (2008) Advanced rock mechanics, course notes, N.T.U.A

  • Stagg KG, Zienkiewicz OC (1986) Rock mechanics in engineering practice. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterpi D, Gioda G (2009) Visco-plastic behaviour around advancing tunnels in squeezing rock. J Rock Mech Rock Eng 42:319–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van P, Szarka Z (2006) Rock rheology—time dependence of dilation and stress around a tunnel. In: Proceedings of the international symposium of the international society for rock mechanics, Eurock 2006, Belgium

  • Wawesik WR (1972) Time-dependent rock behaviour in uniaxial compression. In: Proceedings of 14th rock mechanics symposium, University of Pennsylvania, pp 85–106

  • Weaver SH (1936) Creep curve of steel. Trans Am Soc Mech Eng, LVIII, pp 745–751

    Google Scholar 

  • Widd BL (1966) The time-dependent behaviour of rock; Considerations with regard to a research program. CSIR report MEG 514, Rock Mechanics Division, National Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa

  • Widd BL (1970) The influence of moisture on the pre-rupture fracturing of two rock types. In: Proceedings 2nd congress international society for rock mechanics, Belgrade, vol 2, pp 239–245

  • Zhang H, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Duan P, Ding S (2012) Study on tri-axial creep experiment and constitutive relation of different rock salt. Saf Sci 50(4):801–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhifa Y, Zhiyin W, Luqing Z, Ruiguang Z, Nianxing X (2001) Back-analysis of visco-elastic displacements in a soft rock road tunnel. Int J of Rock Mech Min Sci 38:331–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge funding for this research from the Nuclear Waste Organization of Canada (NWMO), The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Scientific Equipment Program of ETH Zurich.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou

  2. Institute of Geology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

    Matthew Perras & Simon Loew

  3. Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

    Mark Diederichs

  4. Nuclear Waste Management Organization, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Tom Lam & Mark Jensen

Authors
  1. Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew Perras
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mark Diederichs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Simon Loew
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tom Lam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mark Jensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou.

Appendix

Appendix

See Tables 7, 8 and 9.

Table 7 Results from baseline testing for (a) Jurassic limestone and (b) Cobourg limestone
Full size table
Table 8 Summary of elastic and mechanical properties estimating for (a) Jurassic limestone and (b) Cobourg limestone from the static load testing
Full size table
Table 9 Summary of the static load testing results for (a) Jurassic limestone and (b) Cobourg limestone
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Paraskevopoulou, C., Perras, M., Diederichs, M. et al. Time-Dependent Behaviour of Brittle Rocks Based on Static Load Laboratory Tests. Geotech Geol Eng 36, 337–376 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0331-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0331-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation