Abstract
This study aims at investigating the added value of an augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) in relation to a conventional head-up display (C-HUD) to perform navigation tasks in a complex road situation. The notion of complexity was defined according to two main factors: infrastructure and traffic. It was used to identify and select real road situations presenting different sources of complexity. This study focuses on one of these situations, which was reproduced on a simulator and broken down into three use cases. A total of 32 participants performed three navigation tasks, using the AR-HUD or the C-HUD. Both objective and subjective data were collected. Data analyses, using linear mixed model analyses of variance and multilevel logistic regression, indicate a slight advantage of the AR-HUD. Participants using the AR-HUD make fewer errors and drive faster on average. Moreover, the AR-HUD is assessed to be more useful and easier to understand than the C-HUD. However, this interface shows limitations, in particular, because it does not enable drivers to anticipate the manoeuvre to be made. The study raises questions about the design of an instrument system that would help drivers not only identify, but also build a representation of a forthcoming manoeuvre to be performed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Data Availability
The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Bates D, Mäechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67(1):1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Bauerfeind K, Drüke J, Bendewald L, Baumann M (2019) When does the driver benefit from AR-information in a navigation task compared to a head-up display? Results of a driving simulator study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe, pp 219–230
Bauerfeind K, Drüke J, Schneider J, Haar A, Bendewald L, Baumann M (2021) Navigating with augmented reality-how does it affect drivers’ mental load? Appl Ergon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103398
Boelhouwer A, Beukel APVD, Voort MC, Martens MH (2020) Determining infrastructure-and traffic factors that increase the perceived complexity of driving situations. International conference on applied human factors and ergonomics. Springer, Cham, pp 3–10
Bolton A, Burnett G, Large DR (2015) An investigation of augmented reality presentations of landmark-based navigation using a head-up display. In Proceedings of the 7th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. ACM, pp. 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1145/2799250.2799253
Burnett GE (1998) "Turn right at the King’s Head": Drivers’ requirements for route guidance information. Dissertation, Loughborough University
Chauvin C, Saïd F, Langlois S (2019) Does the Type of Visualization Influence the Mode of Cognitive Control in a Dynamic System? In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration. Springer, Cham, pp. 751–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11051-2_114
de Oliveira Faria N, Gabbard JL, Smith M (2020) Place in the World or Place on the Screen? Investigating the Effects of Augmented Reality Head-Up Display User Interfaces on Drivers’ Spatial Knowledge Acquisition and Glance Behavior. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), pp763–764. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW50115.2020.00232
Eriksson A, Stanton NA (2017) Driving performance after self-regulated control transitions in highly automated vehicles. Hum Factors 59:1233–1248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817728774
Faure V, Lobjois R, Benguigui N (2016) The effects of driving environment complexity and dual tasking on drivers’ mental workload and eye blink behavior. Transp Res f Traffic Psychol Behav 40:78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.04.007
Forzy JF (2002) Conception ergonomique pour des environnements multi-instrumentés: Le cas des postes de conduite automobile. Dissertation, Université Paris VIII
Fuller R (2005) Towards a general theory of driver behaviour. Accid Anal Prev 37:461–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2004.11.003
Gabbard JL, Fitch GM, Kim H (2014) Behind the Glass: Driver challenges and opportunities for AR automotive applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE, pp 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2013.2294642
Gish KS (1995) NHTSA/Human factors aspects of using head up displays in automobiles: a review of literature. Report DOT HS 808320/NHTSA
Harkin D, Cartwright W, Black M (2005) Decomposing the map: using head-up display for vehicle navigation. Proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference
Jose R, Lee GA, Billinghurst M (2016) A comparative study of simulated augmented reality displays for vehicle navigation. In: Proceedings of the 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction. ACM, pp. 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1145/3010915.3010918
Kim S, Dey AK (2009) Simulated augmented reality windshield display as a cognitive mapping aid for elder driver navigation. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, pp 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518724
Medenica Z, Kun AL, Paek T, Palinko O (2011) Augmented reality vs. street views: a driving simulator study comparing two emerging navigation aids. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. ACM, pp 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1145/2037373.2037414
Michon JA (1985) A critical view of driver behavior models: what do we know, what should we do? In: Evans L, Schwing RC (eds) Human behavior and traffic safety. Springer, Boston, pp 485–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2173-6_19
Nwakacha V, Crabtree A, Burnett G (2013) Evaluating distraction and disengagement of attention from the road. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39420-1_28
Pfannmüller L, Walter M, Bengler K (2015) Lead me the right way?! The impact of position accuracy of augmented reality navigation arrows in a contact analogue head-up display on driving performance, workload, and usability. In: Proceedings of the 19th triennial congress of the IEA, Melbourne
Prinzel LJ, Risser M (2004) Head-up displays and attention capture. National Aeronautics and Space Administration report n°NASA/TM-2004-213000 (Corrected copy)
R Core Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Foundation for statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
Ross T, Burnett G (2001) Evaluating the human–machine interface to vehicle navigation systems as an example of ubiquitous computing. Int J Hum Comput Stud 55:661–674. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.2001.0495
Smith M, Gabbard JL, Burnett G, Doutcheva N (2017) The effects of augmented reality head-up displays on drivers’ eye scan patterns, performance, and perceptions. Int J Mob Hum Comput Interact (IJMHCI) 9:1–17. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMHCI.2017040101
Smith M, Jordan L, Bagalkotkar K, Sai Manjuluri S, Nittala R, Gabbard J (2020) Hit the Brakes! Augmented Reality Head-up Display Impact on Driver Responses to Unexpected Events. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, pp 46–49. https://doi.org/10.1145/3409251.3411720
Topliss BH, Pampel SM, Burnett G, Skrypchuk L, Hare C (2019) Follow the leader: examining real and augmented reality lead vehicles as driving navigational aids. Int J Mob Hum Comput Interact (IJMHCI) 11:19–38. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMHCI.2019040102
Utsuboya O, Shimizu T, Kurosawa A (2013) Augmented reality head up display for car navigation system. SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 44. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, pp 551–554. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2013.tb06268.x
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by the French government under the "France 2030" program, as part of the SystemX Technological Research Institute. The authors are grateful to the French car manufacturer Renault and IRT System X that supported this study, and in particular to the “Localization & Augmented Reality” team. They would also like to thank Jean-François Forzy (Renault Company) for his relevant feedback.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors took part in the writing of the main manuscrit text. FS: carried out the statistical analysis. All authors reviewed the manuscrit.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chauvin, C., Said, F. & Langlois, S. Augmented reality HUD vs. conventional HUD to perform a navigation task in a complex driving situation. Cogn Tech Work 25, 217–232 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-023-00725-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-023-00725-7