Abstract
Corrole is a kind of new and promising photosensitizer (PS) in cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the protein molecular mechanism of PDT activity for corrole under light irradiation is still not clear. In this paper, water-soluble cationic sulfonated corrole (1) and its metal complexes (1-Fe, 1-Mn, and 1-Cu) were prepared, and the photodynamic anti-cancer activity against various tumor cells was investigated by MTT assay. The potential molecular mechanism of PDT activity was elucidated by fluorescence microscope, flow cytometry, molecular docking, and western blotting analysis. Besides, the potential PDT anti-tumor effect of 1 in vivo was assessed in human tumor xenografts in mice. Quantitative analysis revealed that 1’s phototoxicity triggered a significant generation of reactive oxygen species, causing disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. The results of western blotting (WB) assay shown in 1’s phototoxicity could induce cell apoptosis via ROS-mediated mitochondrial caspase apoptosis pathway, in which SIRT1 protein degradation played a key role. PTD activity in vivo shown in 1 could significantly reduce the growth of A549 xenografted tumor, without obvious loss of mice body weight. We clearly found that cationic sulfonated corrole is a potential candidate of PS in vitro and in vivo. The phototoxicity of 1 could induce A549 cell apoptosis by inducing ROS production increase, further to activate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. We concluded that SIRT1 protein is a more appropriate target in this progress.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Paolesse R (2000) In: Kadish KM, Smith KM, Guilard R (eds) Porphyrin Handbook, Vol. 2. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 201–232
Liu HY, Lai TS, Yeung LL, Chang CK (2003) First synthesis of perfluorinated corrole and its Mn=O complex. Org Lett 5(5):617–620
Fu BQ, Huang J, Ren L, Weng XC, Zhou YY, Du YH, Wu XJ, Zhou X, Yang GF (2007) Cationic corrole derivatives: a new family of G-quadruplex inducing and stabilizing ligands. Chem Commun 0(31):3264–3266. https://doi.org/10.1039/B704599A
Mahammed A, Gross Z (2017) Corroles as triplet photosensitizers. Coord Chem Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.08.028
Fu BQ, Zhang D, Weng XC et al (2008) Cationic metal-corrole complexes: design, synthesis, and properties of guanine-quadruplex stabilizers. Chem Eur J 14(30):9431–9441
Zou HB, Yang H, Liu ZL et al (2015) Iron(IV)-corrole catalyzed stereoselective olefination of aldehydes with ethyl diazoacetate. Organometn 34(12):2791–2795
Preuß A, Saltsman I, Mahammed A et al (2014) Photodynamic inactivation of mold fungi spores by newly developed charged corroles. J Photochem Photobiol B 133(5):39–46
Okun Z, Kupershmidt L, Amit T et al (2009) Manganese corroles prevent intracellular nitration and subsequent death of insulin-producing cells. ACS Chem Biol 4(11):910–914
Haber A, Mahammed A, Fuhrman B et al (2008) Amphiphilic/bipolar metallocorroles that catalyze the decomposition of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, rescue lipoproteins from oxidative damage, and attenuate atherosclerosis in mice. Angew Chem Int Ed 47(41):7896–7900
Teo RD, Hwang YY, Termini J, Gross Z, Gray HB (2017) Fighting cancer with corroles. Chem Rev 117(4):2711–2729
Gross Z, Mahammed A, Abdales M, Weaver JJ, Gray HB (2003) Bioinorganic chemistry of corrole metal complexes: interactions with proteins and cells. J Inorg Biochem 96(1):140
Lim P, Mahammed A, Okun Z et al (2012) Differential cytostatic and cytotoxic action of metallocorroles against human cancer cells: potential platforms for anticancer drug development. Chem Res Toxicol 25(2):400–409
Agadjanian H, Weaver JJ, Mahammed A et al (2006) Specific delivery of corroles to cells via noncovalent conjugates with viral proteins. Pharm Res 23(2):367–377
Agadjanian H, Ma J, Rentsendorj A et al (2009) Tumor detection and elimination by a targeted gallium corrole. PNAS 106(15):6105–6110
Hwang JY, Lubow J, Chu D, Ma J, Agadjanian H et al (2011) A mechanistic study of tumor-targeted corrole toxicity. Mol Pharm 8(6):2233–2243
Aviv-Harel I, Gross Z (2011) Coordination chemistry of corroles with focus on main group elements. Coord Chem Rev 255(7–8):717–736
Chang CK, Kong P, Liu HY et al (2006) Synthesis and photodynamic activities of modified corrole derivatives on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Proc SPIE, SPIE: Bellingham WA USA 6139:268–278. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.646328
Hwang JY, Lubow DJ, Chu D et al (2012) Photoexcitation of tumor-targeted corroles induces singlet oxygen-mediated augmentation of cytotoxicity. J Control Release 163(3):368–373
Sims JD, Hwang JY, Wagner S et al (2015) A corrole nanobiologic elicitstissue-activated MRI contrast enhancement and tumor-targeted toxicity. J Control Release 217(10):92–101
Barata JFB, Zamarrón A, Neves MGPMS et al (2015) Photodynamic effects induced by meso-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole and its cyclodextrin conjugates on cytoskeletal components of HeLa cells. Eur J Med Chem 92(6):135–144
Liang ZH, Liu HY, Zhou R et al (2016) DNA-binding, photocleavage, and photodynamic anti-cancer activities of pyridyl corroles. J Membr Biol 249(4):419–428
Wang YG, Zhang Z, Wang H, Liu HY (2016) Phosphorus(V) corrole: DNA binding, photonuclease activity and cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Bioorg Chem 67:57–63
Liang ZH, Liu HY, Jiang GB, Wen JY, Liu YJ, Xiao XY (2016) Polyhydric corrole and its gallium complex: synthesis, DNA-binding properties and photodynamic activities. Chin J Chem 34(10):997–1005
Shi L, Yang WC, Zeng SY et al (2016) DNA-binding and anti-tumor activities of cobalt corrole complexes. Chem J Chin Univ 37(6):1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.7503/cjcu20160029
Cheng F, Huang LT, Wang HH et al (2017) Photodynamic therapy activities of 10-(4-formylphenyl)-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)corrole and its gallium complex. Chin J Chem 35(1):86–92
Zhang Z, Wang HH, Yu HJ et al (2017) Synthesis, characterization and in vitro and in vivo photodynamic activities of a gallium(III) tris(ethoxycarbonyl)corrole. Dalton Trans 46(29):9481–9490
Zhang Z, Wen JY, Lv BB et al (2016) Photocytotoxicity and G-quadruplex DNA interaction of water-soluble gallium(III) tris (N-methyl-4-pyridyl)corrole complex. Appl Organomet Chem 30(3):132–139
Zhang Y, Wen JY, Wang XL et al (2014) DNA binding and nuclease activity of cationic iron(IV) and manganese(III) corrole complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 28(7):559–566
Na N, Zhao DQ, Li H, Jiang N, Wen JY, Liu HY (2016) DNA binding, photonuclease activity and human serum albumin interaction of a water-soluble freebase carboxyl corrole. Molecules 21(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21010054
Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wen JY et al (2013) DNA binding and oxidative cleavage by a water-soluble carboxyl manganese(III) corrole. Chin J Chem 31(10):1321–1328
Lu J, Liu HY, Shi L et al (2011) DNA cleavage mediated by water-soluble manganese corrole. Chin Chem Lett 22(1):101–104
Zhang Y, Wen JY, Mahmood MHR, Wang XL, Lv BB, Ying X, Wang H, Ji LN, Liu HY (2015) DNA/HSA interaction and nuclease activity of an iron(III) amphiphilic sulfonated corrole. Luminescence 30(7):1045–1054
Huang JT, Wang XL, Zhang Y et al (2013) DNA binding and nuclease activity of a water-soluble sulfonated manganese(III) corrole. Transit Met Chem 38(3):283–289
Zhang HT, Wu J, Wen M, Su LJ, Luo H (2012) Galangin induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the caspase 8/t-bid mitochondrial pathway. J Asian Nat Prod Res 14(7):626–633
Zhang HT, Li N, Wu J, Su LJ, Chen XY, Lin BY, Luo H (2013) Galangin inhibits proliferation of HepG2 cells by activating AMPK via increasing the AMP/TAN ratio in a LKB1-independent manner. Eur J Pharmacol 718(1–3):235–244
Lucky SS, Soo KC, Zhang Y (2015) Nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy. Chem Rev 115(4):1990–2042
Ethirajan M, Chen YH, Joshi P, Pandey RK (2011) The role of porphyrin chemistry in tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 40(1):340–362
Calixto GMF, Bernegossi J, Freitas LM, Fontana CR, Chorilli M (2016) Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy of cancer: a review. Molecules 21(3):342
Jeon S, Wang M, Tan LS, Cooper T, Hamblin MR, Chiang LY (2013) Synthesis of photoresponsive dual NIR two-photon absorptive [60]fullerene triads and tetrads. Molecules 18(8):9603–9622
Xia CH, Wang Y, Chen W, Yu WX, Wang BQ, Li T (2011) New hydrophilic /lipophilic tetra-α-(4-carboxyphenoxy) phthalocyanine zinc-mediated photodynamic therapy inhibits the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel-7402 cells by triggering apoptosis and arresting cell cycle. Molecules 16(2):1389–1401
Simone BCD, Mazzone G, Russo N, Sicilia E, Toscano M (2017) Metal atom effect on the photophysical properties of Mg(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pd(II) tetraphenylporphyrin complexes proposed as possible drugs in photodynamic therapy. Molecules 22(7):1093
Rodriguez ME, Zhang P, Azizuddin K et al (2009) Structural factors and mechanisms underlying the improved photodynamic cell killing with silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizers directed to lysosomes versus mitochondria. Photochem Photobiol 85(5):1189–1200
Wang H, Zheng JH, Xu WJ et al (2017) A new series of cytotoxic pyrazoline derivatives as potential anticancer agents that induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Molecules 22(10):1635
Miniotis MF, Mukwaya A, Wingren AG (2014) Digital holographic microscopy for non-invasive monitoring of cell cycle arrest in L929 cells. PLoS One 9(9):e106546
Meschini S, Pellegrini E, Condello M, Occhionero G, Delfine S, Condello G, Mastrodonato F (2017) Cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of prunus spinosa trigno ecotype extract on human cancer cells. Molecules 22(10):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091578
Rasul A, Bao R, Malhi M, Zhao B, Tsuji I, Li J, Li XM (2013) Induction of apoptosis by costunolide in bladder cancer cells is mediated through ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Molecules 18(2):1418–1433
Kankala RK, Tsai PY, Kuthati Y, Wei PR, Liu CL, Lee CH (2017) Overcoming multidrug resistance through co-delivery of ROS-generating nano-machinery in cancer therapeutics. J Mater Chem B 5(7):1507–1517
Kankala RK, Kuthati Y, Liu CL, Lee CH (2015) Hierarchical coated metal hydroxide nanoconstructs as potential controlled release carriers of photosensitizer for skin melanoma. RSC Adv 5(53):42666–42680
Kankala RK, Liu CG, Chen AZ et al (2017) Overcoming multidrug resistance through the synergistic effects of hierarchical pH-sensitive, ROS-generating nanoreactors. ACS Biomater-SCI Eng 3(10):2431–2442
Shukla S, Sharma A, Pandey VK, Raisuddin S, Kakkar P (2016) Concurrent acetylation of FoxO1/3a and p53 due to sirtuins inhibition elicit Bim/PUMA mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in berberine-treated HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 291(15):70–83
Suzuki M, Bandoski C, Bartlett JD (2015) Fluoride induces oxidative damage and SIRT1/autophagy through ROS-mediated JNK signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 89:369–378
Kessel D, Vicente MGH, Jr JJR (2006) Initiation of apoptosis and autophagy by photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 38(5):482–488
Li X, Wang YJ, Xiong YZ, Wu J, Ding H, Chen XY, Lan LB, Zhang HT (2016) Galangin induces autophagy via deacetylation of LC3 by SIRT1 in HepG2 cells. Sci Report 07(6):30496
Oberdoerffer P, Michan S, Mcvay M et al (2008) SIRT1 redistribution on chromatin promotes genomic stability but alters gene expression during aging. Cell 135(5):907–918
Panta K, Yadava AK, Guptaa P, Islama R, Sarayab A, Venugopal SK (2017) Butyrate induces ROS-mediated apoptosis by modulating miR-22/SIRT-1 pathway in hepatic cancer cells. Redox Biol 12:340–349
Reiners JJ Jr, Caruso JA, Mathieu P, Chelladurai B, Yin XM, Kessel D (2002) Release of cytochrome c and activation of pro-caspase-9 following lysosomal photodamage involves bid cleavage. Cell Death Differ 9(9):934–944
Kessel D, Jr JJR (2017) Effects of combined lysosomal and mitochondrial photodamage in a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line: the role of paraptosis. Photochem Photobiol 93(6):1502–1508
Whitacre CM, Satoh TH, Xue LY, Gordon NH, Oleinick NL (2002) Photodynamic therapy of human breast cancer xenografts lacking caspase-3. Cancer Lett 179(1):43–49
Idris NM, Gnanasammandhan MK, Zhang J, Ho PC, Mahendran R, Zhang Y (2012) In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers. Nat Med 18(10):1580–1585
Funding
This work is financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) (Nos. 21671068, 81772634), Postdoctoral Initial Foundation of Guangdong Medical University (No. BH08073), Science Foundation of Guangdong Medical University (No. 2001/2XK16042), and Science Foundation of Zhanjiang (2017B01064).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving animal participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee. Animal experiments were performed in accordance with protocols approved by the institutional ethics committee of Guangdong Medical University (ID Number GDY1702014), and the detailed information can be found in the suggestion of animal research ethics.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Z., Yu, HJ., Huang, H. et al. The photocytotoxicity effect of cationic sulfonated corrole towards lung cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo study. Lasers Med Sci 34, 1353–1363 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02725-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02725-4