Abstract
The Cambodia-Mekong River Delta Aquifer, a vital transboundary aquifer in the Lower Mekong Region of Southeast Asia, faces escalating challenges due to excessive groundwater extraction for agriculture and domestic purposes. In response, this study utilizes the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite estimates, combined with land-surface-model and remote-sensing datasets to estimate groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) across the aquifer where traditional monitoring is limited. The study further evaluates the consistency of GRACE-derived data in comparison to both localized in situ measurements and a global-scale hydrological model. Additionally, the spatio-temporal trends in groundwater depletion over a 14-year span (2003–2016) were mapped. The results reveal a good agreement between GRACE-derived GWSA, PC-Raster Global Water Balance (PCR-GLOBWB) model outputs, and observed in situ measurements, thereby underscoring the pivotal role of satellite observations in comprehensively assessing groundwater resources within the aquifer. The findings expose a concerning downward trend, with groundwater storage declining at a rate of ~0.68 cm/year, resulting in a total volume loss of 18.28 km3 over the 14-year span. Notably, the depletion rate is higher in the coastal regions of the Mekong Delta and certain areas within the Tonle Sap Basin. Discrepancies between GRACE and observed GWSA are attributed to multiple factors, including the absence of local signals, intricate hydrogeological dynamics, limitations in specific yield and storage estimations, and the uneven distribution of monitoring wells in the region. This research emphasizes the potential of GRACE estimates to supplement in situ observations on a regional scale, establishing a critical foundation for transboundary groundwater management strategies.
Résumé
L’Aquifère du Delta du Fleuve Mékong-Cambodge, un aquifère transfrontalier essentiel de la Région du bas Mékong, en Asie du Sud Est, fait face à des défis croissants liés à l’exploitation excessive des eaux souterraines pour les besoins agricoles et domestiques. Pour y répondre, cette étude utilise les estimations du satellite Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), en combinaison avec le modèle de surface terrestre et les bases de données de télédétection, pour évaluer les anomalies du stockage des eaux souterraines (ASES) au sein de l’aquifère, où le suivi traditionnel est limité. L’étude évalue ensuite la cohérence des données dérivées de GRACE avec à la fois les mesures in situ locales et un modèle hydrologique à l’échelle mondiale. En outre, les tendances spatio-temporelles de la baisse des eaux souterraines sur une durée de 14 années (2003–2016) ont été cartographiées. Les résultats révèlent une bonne concordance entre les ASES dérivées de GRACE et GRACE, les sorties du modèle global de bilan hydrique au format (PCR-GLOBWB) et les mesures de terrain observées, soulignant ainsi le rôle central des observations satellitaires dans l’évaluation globale des ressources en eaux souterraines de l’aquifère. Les résultats montrent une tendance à la baisse en relation avec la diminution de la réserve des eaux souterraines à un rythme de 0.68 cm/an environ, aboutissant à une perte totale de volume de 18.28 km³ en 14 ans. Notamment, le taux de baisse est plus important dans les régions côtières du Delta du Mékong et certains secteurs du Bassin du Tonlé Sap. Les discordances entre GRACE et les AESE observées sont attribuées à des facteurs multiples, incluant l’absence de signaux locaux, des dynamiques hydrogéologiques complexes, les limites de l’estimation du coefficient d’emmagasinement et du stockage et la distribution inégale des puits de suivi dans la région. Cette recherche souligne le potentiel des estimations de GRACE pour compléter les observations in situ à l’échelle régionale, établissant ainsi une base essentielle des stratégies de gestion des eaux souterraines transfrontalières.
Resumen
El acuífero del delta del río Camboya-Mekong, un acuífero transfronterizo de importancia fundamental en la región del bajo Mekong, en el sudeste asiático, se enfrenta a desafíos cada vez mayores debido a la extracción excesiva de aguas subterráneas con fines agrícolas y domésticos. En este estudio se utilizan las estimaciones del Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) captadas por satélite, combinadas con modelos de la superficie terrestre y conjuntos de datos de teledetección, para estimar las anomalías en el almacenamiento de aguas subterráneas (GWSA) en el acuífero, donde el monitoreo tradicional es limitado. El estudio evalúa además la consistencia de los datos derivados de GRACE en comparación con mediciones in situ localizadas y con un modelo hidrológico a escala global. Además, se cartografiaron las tendencias espaciotemporales en el agotamiento de las aguas subterráneas durante un período de 14 años (2003–2016). Los resultados revelan una buena concordancia entre la GWSA derivada de GRACE, los resultados del modelo PC-Raster Global Water Balance (PCR-GLOBWB) y las mediciones in situ observadas, subrayando así el papel fundamental de las observaciones por satélite en la evaluación exhaustiva de los recursos de aguas subterráneas dentro del acuífero. Los resultados muestran una preocupante tendencia a la baja, con una disminución del almacenamiento de aguas subterráneas a un ritmo de aproximadamente 0.68 cm/año, lo que supone una pérdida total de volumen de 18.28 km³ en un periodo de 14 años. En particular, la tasa de agotamiento es mayor en las regiones costeras del delta del Mekong y en algunas zonas de la cuenca del Tonle Sap. Las discrepancias entre GRACE y la GWSA observada se atribuyen a múltiples factores, como la ausencia de señales locales, la intrincada dinámica hidrogeológica, las limitaciones en las estimaciones específicas de rendimiento y almacenamiento, y la desigual distribución de los pozos de monitoreo en la región. Esta investigación destaca el potencial de las estimaciones GRACE para complementar las observaciones in situ a escala regional, estableciendo una base crítica para las estrategias de gestión de las aguas subterráneas transfronterizas.
摘要
柬埔寨湄公河三角洲含水层是位于东南亚湄公河下游地区的极其重要的跨境含水层，目前受到农业和家庭地下水过度开采的影响正面临不断升级的挑战。为应对这一情况，本研究利用“重力恢复与气候实验”(GRACE)卫星估算数据，结合陆面模型和遥感数据，估算了传统监测无法观测的含水层中地下水储量变化异常(GWSA)。本研究进一步评估了GRACE反演的数据与局部原位测量和全球尺度水文模型的一致性。此外，还绘制了14年间(2003–2016)地下水消耗的时空趋势图。结果显示，GRACE反演的GWSA、PC-Raster全球水平衡(PCR-GLOBWB)模型输出和观测的原位测量之间存在良好的一致性，强调了卫星观测在全面评估含水层内地下水资源方面的关键作用。研究结果揭示了一个令人担忧的下降趋势，地下水储存以每年约0.68 cm的速度下降，导致在14年内总共损失了18.28 km3的水量。值得注意的是，在湄公河三角洲沿海地区和Tonle Sap流域的某些地区，地下水衰减速率较高。GRACE与观测的GWSA之间的差异归因于多种因素，包括地方信号的缺失、复杂的水文地质动态、安全开采量和储量估算的局限，以及该地区监测井的不均匀分布。这项研究强调了GRACE估算在区域尺度上补充原位观测的潜力，为跨境地下水管理策略奠定了重要基础。
Resumo
O Aquífero do Delta do Rio Camboja-Mekong, um aquífero transfronteiriço vital na região do Baixo Mekong, no Sudeste Asiático, enfrenta desafios crescentes devido à extração excessiva de água subterrânea para fins agrícolas e domésticos. Em resposta, este estudo utiliza as estimativas do Experimento de Recuperação de Dados Gravitacionais e Climáticos (GRACE), combinadas com modelos de superfície terrestre e conjuntos de dados de sensoriamento remoto para estimar as anomalias de armazenamento de água subterrânea (AAAS) em todo o aquífero, onde o monitoramento tradicional é limitado. O estudo avalia ainda a consistência dos dados derivados do GRACE em comparação com as medições localizadas no local e um modelo hidrológico em escala global. Além disso, foram mapeadas as tendências espaço-temporais do esgotamento das águas subterrâneas em um período de 14 anos (2003-2016). Os resultados revelam uma boa concordância entre a AAAS derivada do GRACE, os resultados do modelo PC-Raster Global Water Balance (PRC-GLOBWB) e as medições in situ observadas, ressaltando assim o papel fundamental das observações de satélite na avaliação abrangente dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos dentro de aquífero. As descobertas expõem uma tendência preocupante de queda, com o armazenamento de água subterrânea diminuindo a uma taxa de aproximadamente 0.68 cm/ano, resultando em uma perda de volume total de 18.28 km³ no período de 14 anos. Notavelmente, a taxa de esgotamento é maior nas regiões costeiros do Delta do Mekong e em determinadas áreas da Bacia de Tonle Sap. As discrepâncias entre o GRACE e as AAAS observadas são atribuídas a vários fatores, incluindo a ausência de sinais locais, a intrincada dinâmica hidrogeológica, as limitações nas estimativas específicas de produção e armazenamento e a distribuição desigual dos poços de monitoramento na região. Essa pesquisa enfatiza o potencial das estimativas do GRACE para complementar as observações in situ em escala regional, estabelecendo uma base fundamental para estratégias de gerenciamento de águas subterrâneas transfronteiriças.
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Funding
The authors would like to extend their sincere thanks to the “Towards mainstreaming the Ecosystem-based Adaptations for Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management in the Transboundary Cambodia-Viet Nam Mekong Delta Aquifer, Lower Mekong Region” project funded by Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) under the SUMERNET 4 All Programme, further funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA).
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Upadhyay, S., Shrestha, S., Loc, H.H. et al. Satellite-based estimates of declining groundwater storage in the transboundary Cambodia-Mekong River Delta Aquifer of the Lower Mekong region, Southeast Asia. Hydrogeol J 32, 601–619 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02746-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02746-y