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Assessing perched aquifer vulnerability using modified DRASTIC: a case study of colliery waste in north-east England (UK)

Evaluation de la vulnérabilité d’un aquifère perché en utilisant Une version modifiée de DRASTIC: cas d’étude des terrils dans le nord-est de l’Angleterre (Royaum-Uni)

Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de los acuíferos colgados utilizando DRASTIC modificado: un estudio de Caso de residuos de una mina de carbón en el noreste de Inglaterra (Reino Unido)

المعدلة DRASTIC تقيم مدي سهولة تعرض الخزان الجوفي بنفايات المناجم للتلوث باستخدام ط حالة دراسية شمال شرق انجلترا (المملكة المتحدة)

利用改进型的DRASTIC方法评价表层含水层的脆弱性:英国东北部煤矸石的一个研究案例

Analisando a vulnerabilidade de um aquífero suspenso utilizando o DRASTIC modificado: um estudo de Caso de resíduos de mineração de carvão no nordeste da Inglaterra (Reino Unido)

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Abstract

DRASTIC is a commonly used approach for delineating areas that are vulnerable to contamination. This study examines the suitability of DRASTIC for evaluating the vulnerability of groundwater inside a colliery spoil-heap to contamination. The standard DRASTIC approach was modified according to the environmental conditions of spoil heaps that introduce contaminants to the environment. The parameter layers used in DRASTIC are depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity. The values of the hydrogeological parameters used in DRASTIC were obtained from eight exploration boreholes drilled in a spoil heap in Northumberland, England (UK). The estimated DRASTIC vulnerability score was then mapped. Sensitivity analysis of the DRASTIC parameters and validation were implemented. The results indicated that, contrary to the DRASTIC assumptions, the contaminants were not introduced at ground surface, but instead were mainly initiated in the soil, vadose and aquifer zones. Consequently, these zones should receive high values of DRASTIC weights and rates. Zones characterized by low permeability and low recharge represent contaminant hot spots inside the spoil heap, and both parameters in these areas should also receive high values of weights and rates. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the soil, vadose zone, aquifer media, hydraulic conductivity and net recharge are the most controlling parameters with respect to vulnerability. The produced vulnerability map has a high degree of compatibility with the measured contaminant concentrations in the spoil. Thus, the standard DRASTIC approach should be modified before its application to mining waste spoil heaps.

Résumé

DRASTIC est une approche couramment utilisée pour délimiter les zones qui sont vulnérables à la contamination. Cette étude examine la pertinence de DRASTIC pour évaluer la vulnérabilité à la contamination des eaux souterraines au droit d’un terril minier. L’approche normale de DRASTIC a été modifiée en fonction des conditions environnementales des terrils, à l’origine de l’introduction de contaminants dans l’environnement. Les différents paramètres, utilisés dans DRASTIC, sont la profondeur de la nappe, la recharge, le type d’aquifère, le type de sol, la topographie, l’influence de la zone non saturée et la conductivité hydraulique. Les valeurs des paramètres hydrogéologiques utilisés dans DRASTIC ont été obtenues à partir de huit sondages de reconnaissance, forés au droit des terrils de Northumberland, en Angleterre (Royaume-Uni). La note de vulnérabilité estimée avec DRASTIC a ensuite été cartographiée. L’analyse de sensibilité des paramètres de DRASTIC et leur validation ont été effectuées. Les résultats ont montré que, contrairement aux hypothèses de DRASTIC, les contaminants n’étaient pas introduits à la surface du sol, mais étaient plutôt issus du sol, et des zones non saturée et aquifère. En conséquence, ces zones devraient recevoir des valeurs élevées dans DRASTIC en termes de pondération et de niveaux. Les zones caractérisées par une conductivité hydraulique faible et une recharge faible représentent des zones de pollution accrue au sein du terril, et ces deux paramètres dans ces zones devraient aussi se voir attribuer des valeurs élevées en termes de pondération et de niveaux. L’analyse de sensibilité a révélé que le sol, la zone non saturée, le type d’aquifère, la conductivité hydraulique et la recharge sont les principaux paramètres de contrôle en ce qui concerne la vulnérabilité. La carte de vulnérabilité réalisée présente un haut degré de compatibilité avec la distribution des concentrations en contaminants dans les déblais. Ainsi, l’approche normale de DRASTIC devrait être modifiée avant d’être appliquée aux terrils de résidus miniers.

Resumen

DRASTIC es un método comúnmente utilizado para delinear áreas que son vulnerables a la contaminación. Este estudio examina la idoneidad de DRASTIC para evaluar la vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas a la contaminación en las escombreras de una mina de carbón. El método estándar de DRASTIC se modificó de acuerdo con las condiciones ambientales de las escombreras que introducen contaminantes en el ambiente. Las capas de parámetros utilizadas en DRASTIC son la profundidad del agua, la recarga neta, el medio acuífero, el suelo, la topografía, el impacto de la zona vadosa y la conductividad hidráulica. Los valores de los parámetros hidrogeológicos utilizados en DRASTIC se obtuvieron de ocho perforaciones de exploración ejecutadas en una escombrera en Northumberland, Inglaterra (Reino Unido). Se mapeó el puntaje estimado de vulnerabilidad DRASTIC. Se implementaron análisis de sensibilidad y validación de los parámetros DRASTIC. Los resultados indicaron que, a diferencia de los supuestos DRASTIC, los contaminantes no se introdujeron en la superficie del suelo, sino que se introdujeron principalmente en el suelo, la zona vadosa y el acuífero. En consecuencia, estas zonas deben recibir valores altos de pesos y tasas en el DRASTIC. Las zonas caracterizadas por una baja permeabilidad y una baja recarga representan puntos contaminantes calientes dentro de la escombrera, y ambos parámetros en estas áreas también deben recibir altos valores de pesos y tasas. El análisis de sensibilidad reveló que el suelo, la zona vadosa, el medio acuífero, la conductividad hidráulica y la recarga neta son los parámetros de mayor control con respecto a la vulnerabilidad. El mapa de vulnerabilidad producido tiene un alto grado de compatibilidad con las concentraciones de contaminantes medidas en la escombrera. Por lo tanto, el método estándar de DRASTIC debe modificarse antes de su aplicación en las escombreras de minería.

الملخص

طريقة DRASTIC شا ئعة الأستخدام في تحديد المناطق المعرضة للتلوث . هذة الدراسة تفحص مدي ملاءمة استخدام طريقة DRASTIC القياسية لتقيم مدي سهولة تعرض المياة الحوفية بنفايات المناجم للتلوث. طريقة DRASTIC القياسية تم تعديلها طبقا للظروف البيئية لنفايات المناجم التي تلوث للبيئة. عناصر طريقة DRASTIC التي تم استخدامها لعمل طبقات من هذة العناصر هي عمق المياة الجوفية و قيم تغذية الخزان الجوفي و التكوينات الجيولوجية للخزان الجوفي و الطبقة الغير مشبعة و التربة السطحية و طبوغرفية المنطقة و نفاذية الخزان الجوفي. قيم هذة العناصر الهيدروجيولوجية المستخدمة في الدراسة تم الحصول عليها من ثمانية أبار تم حفرها داخل نفايات المناجم في منطقة Northumberland (بالمملكة المتحدة) . قيم معامل قياس سهولة التعرض للتلوث المحسوبة من طريقة DRASTIC بعد تعديلها تم عمل منها خريطة توزيع لهذة القيم علي نفايات المناجم. وتم عمل دراسة تحليلة لتحديد تأثير العناصر المستخدمة بطريقة DRASTIC علي قيم معامل سهولة تعرض الخزان الجوفي للتلوث و كذلك تم التحقق من قيم معامل مدي سهولة التعرض للتلوث الموزعة علي نفايات المنجم. و أتضح من الدراسة أنة علي عكس طريقة DRASTIC القياسية التي تفترض ان الملوثات تدخل للخزان من سطح الارض فأن التلوث يبدء داخل المنطقة الغير مشبعة و الخزان الجوفي و التربة السطحية . لذالك هذة العناصر يجب اعطائها وزن و معدل اكبر من وزنها بالطريقة القياسية . المناطق التي تتميز بنفاذية قليلة و معدل قليل من التغذية تمثل مناطق عالية التركيز للملوثات داخل نفايات المنجم و علي ذالك هذين العنصرين يجب أعطائهما وزن و معدل كبير. كما أثبتت الدراسة ان المنطقة الغير مشبعة و الخزان الجوفي ومعامل النفاذية للخزان الجوفي ومعدل تغذية الخزان الجوفي ومنطقة التربة السطحية أهم العناصر الهيدروجيولوجية التي تتحكم في تلوث المياة الحوفية بنفايات المنجم. كما وجد أن خريطة توزيع القيم المعدلة لمعامل سهولة تعرض الخزان الحوفي للتلوث داخل نفايات المنجم متوافقة مع تركيز الملوثات التي المقاسة داخل نفايات المنجم. و بناء علي ذالك فأن طريقة DRASTIC القياسية يجب تعديلها قبل تطبيقها في تقيم مدي سهولة تعرض الخزان الجوفي بنفايات المناحم للتلوث.

摘要

DRASTIC是描述易受污染地区的一个常用的方法。本研究检验了DRASTIC方法评估煤矸石内部地下水污染脆弱性的适宜性。根据煤矸石堆向外部环境泄漏污染物的环境条件改进了标准的DRASTIC方法。DRASTIC方法中使用的参数层为水位埋深、纯补给量、含水层介质、土壤介质、地形、包气带的影响以及水力传导率。DRASTIC方法中使用的水文地质参数值从英国若森波兰的一个煤矸石堆上八个钻探孔中获取。然后估算的DRASTIC脆弱性分数绘制成图。对DRASTIC参数进行了灵敏度分析,并进行了验证。结果表明,与DRASTIC假设相反,污染物并未泄漏至地表,而是主要进入到了土壤、包气带和含水层因此,这些地带的DRASTIC加权和等级的值应当更高。具有透水性低和补给量低特征的地带表明为煤矸石堆内部污染物的热点区域,这两个区域的参数也应当获得加权和等级的高值。灵敏度分析揭示,突然、包气带、含水层介质、水力传导率及纯补给量是脆弱性最重要的控制参数。绘制的煤矸石堆含有测出的污染物含量的脆弱性图具有很高的兼容性。因此,标准的DRASTIC方法在应用于煤矿煤矸石堆前应当改进。

Resumo

DRASTIC é um método utilizado normalmente para delinear áreas que estão vulneráveis à contaminação. Este estudo examinou a adaptação do DRASTIC para avaliar a vulnerabilidade a contaminação das águas subterrâneas dentro de uma pilha de rejeitos de uma mina de carvão. O método DRASTIC padronizado foi modificado de acordo com as condições ambientais da pilha de rejeito que introduz contaminantes no ambiente. Os parâmetros usados no DRASTIC são profundidade da água, recarga liquida, meio aquífero, tipo de solo, topografia, impacto da zona vadosa e condutividade hidráulica. Os valores dos parâmetros hidrogeológicos usados no DRASTIC foram obtidos de oito poços de monitoramento em uma pilha de rejeito na Nortúmbria, Inglaterra (Reino Unido). A pontuação de vulnerabilidade estimada pelo DRASTIC foi mapeada. Foi implementada análise de sensibilidade e validação dos parâmetros do DRASTIC. Os resultados indicaram que, diferente da suposição do DRASTIC, os contaminantes não foram introduzidos na superfície do solo, mas em vez disso foram iniciados principalmente no solo, zona vadosa e no aquífero. Consequentemente, estas zonas poderiam receber altos valores dos pesos e taxas do DRASTIC. Zonas caracterizadas com baixa permeabilidade e recarga representam pontos preferenciais de contaminação dentro da pilha de rejeito e ambos os parâmetros nestas áreas poderiam também receber altos valores de pesos e taxas. A análise de sensibilidade revelou que o solo, a zona vadosa, o meio aquífero, a condutividade hidráulica e a recarga líquida são os parâmetros mais controladores a vulnerabilidade. O mapa de vulnerabilidade produzido tem alto grau de compatibilidade com as concentrações de contaminantes no despojo. Então, o método DRASTIC padronizado deve ser modificado antes de sua aplicação em pilhas de rejeitos de mineração.

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  1. Suez University, Suez, Egypt

    Mahmoud Moustafa

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Moustafa, M. Assessing perched aquifer vulnerability using modified DRASTIC: a case study of colliery waste in north-east England (UK). Hydrogeol J 27, 1837–1850 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01932-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01932-1

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