Abstract
This article presents a framework of micro-level interactions with visual representations of information in digital libraries. The framework is comprised of three basic interactions—conversing, manipulating, and navigating—and 13 task-based interactions: animating, annotating, chunking, cloning, collecting, composing, cutting, filtering, fragmenting, probing, rearranging, repicturing, and searching. In a typical digital library, the purpose of interaction is to locate and access relevant information. In this framework, the purpose of interaction is to help people create knowledge, develop understanding, solve problems, and acquire insight from the resources in a collection. In other words, interaction can have epistemic benefits and, consequently, it can be used to leverage the epistemic potential of digital libraries.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- INVENT:
-
INteractive Visual ENvironmenTs
- VR:
-
Visual representation of information
References
Crane, G.: What do you do with a million books?. D-Lib Mag. 12(3) (2006). doi:10.1045/march2006-crane
Dillon A.: Technologies of information: HCI and the digital library. In: Carroll, J.M. (eds) Human–Computer Interaction in the New Millenium, pp. 457–474. ACM Press, New York (2002)
Soergel, D.: A framework for digital library research: broadening the vision. D-Lib Mag. 8(12) (2002). doi:10.1045/december2002-soergel
Fast, K.V., Sedig, K.: The INVENT framework: examining the role of information visualization in the reconceptualization of digital libraries. J. Digit. Inform. 6(3) (2005). http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/viewArticle/66/69
Larsen, R.L., Wactlar, H.D.: Knowledge Lost in Information: Report of te NSF Workshop on Research Directions in Digital Libraries. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (2003)
Lagoze, C., Krafft, D.B., Payette, S., Jesuroga, S.: What is a digital library anymore, anyway? D-Lib Mag. 11(11) (2005). doi:10.1045/november2005-lagoze
Baeza-Yates R., Ribeiro-Neto B.: Modern Information Retrieval. ACM Press, New York (1999)
Börner K., Chen C.: Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries. Springer, Berlin (2002). doi:10.1007/3-540-36222-3
Börner, K., Chen, C., Boyack, K.W.: Visualizing knowledge domains. In: Cronin, B. (ed) Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, vol. 37, pp. 179–255 (2003). doi:10.1002/aris.1440370106
Fox, E.A., Urs, S.R.: Digital libraries. In: Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, vol. 36, pp. 503–589, Information Today, Medford (2002)
Rao R., Pedersen J.O., Hearst M.A., Mackinlay J.D., Card S.K., Masinter L., Halvorsen P.-K., Robertson G.C.: Rich interaction in the digital library. Commun. ACM. 38(4), 29–39 (1995). doi:10.1145/205323.205326
Card S.K., Mackinlay J.D., Shneiderman B.: Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)
Zhu B., Chen H.: Information visualization. In: Cronin, B. (eds) Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, vol. 39, pp. 139–177. Information Today, Medford (2005)
Norman D.A.: Things that Make Us Smart Defining Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1993)
Spence R.: Information Visualization: Design for Interaction, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, New York (2007)
Tufte E.R.: Envisioning Information. Graphics Press, Cheshire Conn (1990)
Thomas J., Cowley P., Kuchar O., Nowell L., Thomson J., Wong P.C.: Discovering knowledge through visual analysis. J. Univ. Comput. Sci. 7(6), 517–529 (2001)
Thomas, J.J., Cook, K.A. (eds): Illuminating the Path: the Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics. National Visualization and Analytics Center. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco (2005)
Johnson C., Moorhead R., Munzner T., Pfister H., Rheingans P., Yoo T.S.: NIH/NSF Visualization Research Challenges. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2006)
Bertin J.: Graphics and Graphic Information-Processing. Walter de Gruyter, New York (1981)
Sedig K., Liang H.-N.: Interactivity of visual mathematical representations: factors affecting learning and cognitive processes. J. Interact. Learn. Res. 17(2), 179–212 (2006)
Kirsh D.: Implict and explicit representation. In: Nadel, L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, vol. 2, pp. 478–481. Nature Publishing Group, New York (2003)
Mirel B.: Interaction Design for Complex Problem Solving: Developing Useful and Usable Software. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2004)
Dix, A., Ellis, G.: Starting simple: adding value to static visualization through simple interaction. In: 4th International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI ’98), L’Aquila, pp. 124–134 (1998). doi:10.1145/948496.948514
Bishop A.P.: Document structure and digital libraries: how researchers mobilize information in journal articles. Inform. Process. Manag. 35(3), 255–279 (1999). doi:10.1016/S0306-4573(98)00061-2
Sellen A.J., Harper R.H.R.: The myth of the paperless office. MIT Press, Cambridge (2002)
Kirsh D.: The intelligent use of space. Artif. Intell. 73(1–2), 31–68 (1995). doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)00017-U
Klemmer, S.R., Hartmann, B., Takayam, L.: How bodies matter: five themes for interaction design. In: Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, University Park, pp. 140–149 (2006). doi:10.1145/1142405.1142429
Dourish P.: Where the Action is: the Foundations of Embodied Interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge (2001)
Marshall C.C.: Reading and interactivity in the digital library: creating an experience that transcends paper. In: Marcum, D., George, G. (eds) Digital Library Development: the View from Kanazawa, pp. 127–145. Libraries Unlimited, Westport (2006)
Shneiderman, B.: Inventing discovery tools: combining information visualization with data mining. In: Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, Boston, vol. 1, pp. 5–12 (2002). doi:10.1007/3-540-45650-3_4
Sedig K., Sumner M.: Characterizing interaction with visual mathematical representations. Int. J. Comput. Math. Learn. 11, 1–55 (2006). doi:10.1007/s10758-006-0001-z
Levy D.M., Marshall C.C.: Going digital: a look at assumptions underlying digital libraries. Commun. ACM. 38(4), 77–84 (1995). doi:10.1145/205323.205346
Marchionini, G.: Augmenting library services: toward the sharium. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Digital Libraries, Tsukuba. pp. 40–47 (1999)
Bieber M., Engelbart D., Furuta R., Hiltz S.R., Noll J., Preece J., Stohr E.A., Turoff M., Van de Walle B.: Toward virtual community knowledge evolution. J. Manag. Inform. Syst. 18(4), 11–35 (2002)
Besser, H.: The next stage: moving from isolated digital collections to interoperable digital libraries. First Monday 7(6) (2002). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_6/besser/index.html
Gonçalves M.A., Fox E.A., Watson L.T., Kipp N.A.: Streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies (5S): a formal model for digital libraries. ACM Trans. Inform. Syst. 22(2), 270–312 (2004). doi:10.1145/984321.984325
Borgman C.: What are digital libraries? competing visions. Inform. Process. Manag. 35(3), 227–243 (1999). doi:10.1016/S0306-4573(98)00059-4
Levy, D.M.: Digital libraries and the problem of purpose. D-Lib Mag. 6(1) (2000). doi:10.1045/january2000-levy
Candela, L., Castelli, D., Pagano, P., Thanos, C., Ioannidis, Y., Koutrika, G., Ross, S., Scheck, H.-J., Schuldt, H.: Setting the foundations of digital libraries: the DELOS manifesto. D-Lib Mag. 13(3/4) (2007). doi:10.1045/march2007-castelli
Arms W.Y.: Digital Libraries. MIT Press, Cambridge (2000)
Borgman C.: Now that we have digital collections, why do we need libraries?. In: Schwartz, C., Rorvig, M. (eds) Proceedings of the 60th ASIS Annual Meeting, vol. 34, pp. 27–33. Information Today, Medford (1997)
Tedd, L.A., Large, A.: Digital Libraries Principles and Practice in a Global Environment. K.G. Saur, München (2005)
PITAC.: Digital libraries: universal access to human knowledge. President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee: Panel on Digital Libraries (2001)
Buckland M.K.: Information and Information Systems. Praeger, New York (1991)
Licklider J.C.R.: Libraries of the Future. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge (1965)
Paepcke, A.: Digital libraries: searching is not enough. D-Lib Mag. (1996). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may96/stanford/05paepcke.html
Feng L., Jeusfeld M.A., Hoppenbrouwers J.: Beyond information searching and browsing: acquiring knowledge from digital libraries. Inform. Process. Manag. 41(1), 97–120 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2004.04.005
Bishop A.P., Neumann L.J., Star S.L., Merkel C., Ignacio E., Sandusky R.J.: Digital libraries: situating use in changing information infrastructure. J. Am Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 51(4), 394–413 (2000). doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(2000)51:4<394::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-Q
Blandford, A., Stelmaszewska, H., Bryan-Kinns, N.: Use of multiple digital libraries: a case study. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL ’01), New York, pp. 179–188 (2001). doi:10.1145/379437.379479
Covi L.M.: Material mastery: situating digital library use in university research practices. Inform. Process. Manag. 35(3), 293–316 (1999). doi:10.1016/S0306-4573(98)00063-6
Cunningham, S.J., Knowles, C., Reeves, N.: An ethnographic study of technical support workers: Why we didn’t build a tech support library. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital Libraries, Roanoke, pp. 189–198 (2001). doi:10.1145/379437.379480
Adams, A., Blandford, A.: Digital libraries’ support for the user’s ‘information journey’. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL ’05), Denver, pp. 160–169 (2005). doi:10.1145/1065385.1065424
Stelmaszewska H., Blandford A.: From physical to digital: a case study of computer scientists’ behaviour in physical libraries. Int. J. Digit. Lib. 4, 82 (2004). doi:10.1007/s00799-003-0072-6
Marshall, C.C.: Annotation: from paper books to the digital library. In: Proceedings of the Second ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries, Philadelphia, pp. 131–140 (1997). doi:10.1145/263690.263806
Schilit, B.N., Golovchinsky, G., Price, M.N.: Beyond paper: supporting active reading with free form digital ink annotations. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’98), Los Angeles, pp. 249–256 (1998). doi:10.1145/274644.274680
Marshall C.C.: The future of annotation in a digital (paper) world. In: Harum, S., Twidale, M. (eds) Successes and Failures of Digital Libraries, pp. 97–117. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (2000)
Hinckley, K., Zhao, S., Sarin, R., Baudisch, P., Cutrell, E., Shilman, M., Tan, D.: InkSeine: in situ search for active note taking. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’07), San Jose (2007). doi:10.1145/1240624.1240666
Shiaw, H.-y., Jacob, R.J.K., Crane, G.R.: The 3D vase museum: a new approach to context in a digital library. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital libraries (JCDL ’04), Berkeley, pp. 125–134 (2004). doi:10.1109/JCDL.2004.1336109
Kirsh D., Maglio P.: On distinguishing epistemic from pragmatic action. Cogn. Sci. 18(4), 513–549 (1994). doi:10.1016/0364-0213(94)90007-8
Clark A.: Being there: putting brain, body and world together again. MIT Press, Cambridge (1997)
Menary R.: Cognitive integration: mind and cognition unbounded. Palgrave Macmillan, New York (2007)
Norman, D.A.: The design of everyday things. Doubleday, New York (1988)
Kirsh D.: Adapting the environment instead of oneself. Adapt. Behav. 4(3/4), 415–452 (1996). doi:10.1177/105971239600400307
Hutchins E.: Cognition in the Wild. MIT Press, Cambridge (1995)
Maglio, P.P., Matlock, T., Raphaely, D., Chernick, B., Kirsh, D.: Interactive skill in scrabble. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Sydney, pp. 326–329 (1999)
Mackay W.A.: Is paper safer? The role of paper flight strips in air traffic control. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 6(4), 311–340 (1999). doi:10.1145/331490.331491
Malone T.W.: How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of office information systems. ACM Trans. Off. Inform. Syst. 1(1), 99–112 (1983). doi:10.1145/357423.357430
Mander, R., Salomon, G., Wong, Y.Y.: A ’pile’ metaphor for supporting casual organization of information. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Monterey, pp. 627–634 (1992). doi:10.1145/142750.143055
Kirsh D.: Interactivity and multimedia interfaces. Instr. Sci. 25(2), 79–96 (1997). doi:10.1023/A:1002915430871
Maglio, P.P.: Epistemic action increases with skill. In: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, San Diego, pp. 391–396 (1996)
Neth, H., Payne, S.J.: Thinking by doing? Epistemic actions in the tower of hanoi. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Mahwah, pp. 691–696 (2002)
Schwan S., Riempp R.: The cognitive benefits of interactive videos: learning to tie nautical knots. Learn. Instr 14(3), 293–305 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.06.005
Kastens, K.A., Liben, L.S., Agrawal, S.: Epistemic actions in science education. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Cognition VI, Basel, pp. 202–215 (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87601-4_16
Bondarenko, O., Jansesen, R.: Documents at hand: learning from paper to improve digital technologies. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’05), Florence, pp. 121–130 (2005). doi:10.1145/1054972.1054990
Kirsh D.: The context of work. Hum. Comput. Interact. 16(2–4), 305–322 (2001). doi:10.1207/S15327051HCI16234_12
Marshall, C.C., Bly, S.: Saving and using encountered information: implications for electronic periodicals. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’05), Florence, pp. 111–120 (2005). doi:10.1145/1054972.1054989
Rodden, K., Wood, K.R.: How do people manage their digital photographs? In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’05), Florence, pp. 409-416 (2003). doi:10.1145/642611.642682
Terrenghi, L., Kirk, D., Sellen, A., Izadi, S.: Affordances for manipulation of physical versus digital media on interactive surfaces. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’07), San Jose, pp. 1157–1166 (2007). doi:10.1145/1240624.1240799
Perry M.: Distributed cognition. In: Carroll, J.M. (eds) HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks, pp. 193–223. Morgan Kauffman, San Francisco (2003)
Kortum P.: HCI Beyond the GUI. Morgan Kauffman, San Francisco (2008)
Kaptelinin V., Czerwinski M.: Beyond the Desktop Metaphor: Designing Integrated Digital Work Environments. Mit Press, Cambridge (2007)
Jacob, R.J.K., Girouard, A., Hirshfield, L.M., Horn, M.S., Shaer, O., Solovey, E.T., Zigelbaum, J.: Reality-based interaction: a framework for post-WIMP interfacs. In: Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’08), Florence, pp. 201–210 (2008). doi:10.1145/1357054.1357089
Fujima, J., Lunzer, A., Hornbæk, K., Tanaka, Y.: Clip, connect, clone: combining application elements to build custom interfaces for information access. In: Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’04), New York, pp. 175–184 (2004). doi:10.1145/1029632.1029664
Tan, D.S., Meyers, B., Czerwinski, M.: WinCuts: manipulating arbitrary window regions for more effective use of screen space. In: CHI ’04 extended abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vienna, pp. 1525–1528 (2004). doi:10.1145/985921.986106
Ware C.: Information visualization: perception for design, 2nd edn. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2004)
Chen C.: Visualizing scientific paradigms: an introduction. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 54(5), 392–393 (2003). doi:10.1002/asi.10224
Hearst, M.A.: User interfaces and visualization. In: Baeza-Yates, R., Ribeiro-Neto, B. (eds) Modern Information Retrieval, pp. 257–323. ACM Press, New York (1999)
Hunt L., Lundberg M., Zuckerman B.: InscriptiFact: a virtual archive of ancient inscriptions from the Near East. Int. J. Digit. Lib. 5, 153–166 (2005). doi:10.1007/s00799-004-0102-z
Chu, Y.-C., Bainbridge, D., Jones, M., Whitten, I.H.: Realistic books: a bizarre homage to an obsolete medium?. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL ’04), Tucson, pp. 78–86 (2004). doi:10.1109/JCDL.2004.1336103
Cubaud, P., Dupire, J., Topol, A.: Digitization and 3D modeling of movable books. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL ’05), Paris, pp. 244–245 (2005). doi:10.1145/1065385.1065440
Agarawala, A., Balakrishnan, R.: Keepin’ it real: pushing the desktop metaphor with physics, piles and the pen. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’06), Montreal, pp. 1283–1292 (2006). doi:10.1145/1124772.1124965
Bauer, D., Fastrez, P., Hollan, J.: Spatial tools for managing personal information collections. In: Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS ’05), vol. 4, Los Alamitos (2005). doi:10.1109/HICSS.2005.551
Chen C.: Mapping Scientific Frontiers: The Quest for Knowledge Visualisation. Springer, London (2003)
Lin X.: Map displays for information retrieval. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci 48(1), 40–54 (1997). doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199701)48:1<40::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-1
Chen C.: Information Visualization: Beyond the Horizon, 2nd edn. Springer, London (2006)
Havre S., Hetzler E., Whitney P., Nowell L.: Themeriver: visualizing thematic changes in large document collections. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics 8(1), 9–20 (2002). doi:10.1109/2945.981848
Lin X., White H.D., Buzydlowski J.: Real-time author co-citation mapping for online searching. Inform. Process. Manag 39(5), 689–706 (2003). doi:10.1016/S0306-4573(02)00037-7
Morris S.A., Yen G., Wu Z., Asnake B.: Time line visualization of research fronts. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 54(5), 413–422 (2003). doi:10.1002/asi.10227
Reed C.A.: The Bird Book. C. K. Reed, Worcester (1914)
Hollan J., Hutchins E., Kirsh D.: Distributed cognition: toward a new foundation for human–computer interaction research. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 7(2), 174–196 (2000). doi:10.1145/353485.353487
Gobet F., Lan P.C.R., Croker S., Cheng P.C.H., Jones G., Oliver I., Pine J.M.: Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5(6), 236–243 (2001). doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01662-4
Bauer, D., Fastrez, P., Hollan, J.: Computationally-enriched ’piles’ for managing digital photo collections. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human Centric Computing (VLHCC ’04), Rome, pp. 193–195 (2004). doi:10.1109/VLHCC.2004.13
Aliakseyeu, D., Subramanian, S., Lucero, A., Gutwin, C.: Interacting with piles of artifacts on digital tables. In: Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI ’06), Venezia, pp. 159–162 (2006). doi:10.1145/1133265.1133298
Hutchins E.L., Hollan J.D., Norman D.A.: Direct manipulation interfaces. Hum. Comput. Interact. 1(4), 311–338 (1985). doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0104_2
Holst, S.J.: Directing learning attention with manipulation styles. In: Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’96), Gaithersburg, pp. 43–44 (1996). doi:10.1145/257089.257126
Dietz, P., Leigh, D.: DiamondTouch: a multi-user touch technology. In: Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’01),Orlando, pp. 219–226 (2001). doi:10.1145/502348.502389
Han, J.Y.: Low-cost multi-touch sensing through frustrated total internal reflection. In: Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’05), New York, pp. 115–118 (2005). doi:10.1145/1095034.1095054
Shneiderman B.: Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages. IEEE Comput. 16(8), 57–69 (1983). doi:10.1109/MC.1983.1654471
Preece J., Rogers Y., Sharp H.: Interaction Design: Beyond Human–Computer Interaction. Wiley, New York (2002)
Golightly, D.: Harnessing the interface for domain learning. In: Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’96), New York, pp. 37–38 (1996). doi:10.1145/257089.257121
van Nimwegen, C., van Oostendorp, H., Tabachneck-Schijf, H.: The role of interface style in planning during problem solving. In: Proceedings of The 27th Annual Cognitive Science Conference, Siena, pp. 2771–2776 (2005)
van Nimwegen, C., Burgos, D.D., van Oostendorp, H.H., Schijf, H.H.J.M.: The paradox of the assisted user: guidance can be counterproductive. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, pp. 917–926 (2006). doi:10.1145/1124772.1124908
Svendsen G.B.: The influence of interface style on problem solving. Int. J. Man-Machine Stud. 35(3), 379–397 (1991). doi:10.1016/S0020-7373(05)80134-8
Sedig K., Klawe M., Westrom M.: Role of interface manipulation style and scaffolding on cognition and concept learning in learnware. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 8(1), 34–59 (2001). doi:10.1145/371127.371159
Darken R.P., Peterson B.: Spatial orientation, wayfinding, and representation. In: Stanney, K.M. (eds) Handbook of Virtual Environments, pp. 493–518. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahway (2002)
Chen C.: Information visualization and virtual environments. Springer, London (1999)
Jul S., Furnas G.W.: Navigation in electronic worlds: a CHI 97 workshop. ACM SIGCHI Bull 29(4), 44–49 (1997). doi:10.1145/270950.270979
Spence R.: A framework for navigation. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 51(5), 919–945 (1999). doi:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0265
Jonsson E.: Inner navigation. Scribner, New York (2002)
Golledge R.G.: Human wayfinding and cognitive maps. In: Golledge, R.G. (eds) Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (1999)
Dourish, P., Chalmers, M.: Running out of space: models of information navigation. In: Proceedings of HCI ’94, Glasgow (1994)
Darken, R.P., Sibert, J.L.: Wayfinding strategies and behaviors in large virtual worlds. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’96), New York, pp. 142–149 (1996). doi:10.1145/238386.238459
Chen C., Cribbin T., Kuljis J., Macredie R.: Footprints of information foragers: behaviour semantics of visual exploration. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 57(2), 139–163 (2002). doi:10.1016/S1071-5819(02)91015-3
Christoffel, M., Schmitt, B.: Accessing libraries as easy as a game. In: Börner K, Chen C (eds.) Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries. Springer, Berlin, pp. 25–38 (2002). doi:10.1007/3-540-36222-3_3
Raskin J.: The Humane Interface: New Directions for Designing Interactive Systems. Addison-Wesley, Reading (2000)
Chan, M., Black, J.: When can animation improve learning? Some implications on human computer interaction and learning. In: Proceedings of the World Conference on Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications (ED-MEDIA ’05), Orlando, pp. 933–938 (2005)
Jones, S., Scaife, M.: Animated diagrams: an investigation into the cognitive effects of using animation to illustrate dynamic processes. In: Anderson M, Cheng P, Haarslev V (eds.) Theory & Application of Diagrams: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence no. 1889, pp. 231–244 (2000). doi:10.1007/3-540-44590-0_22
Lowe R.: Interrogation of a dynamic visualization during learning. Learn. Instr. 14, 257–274 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.06.003
Nakakoji, K., Takashima, A., Yamamoto, Y.: Cognitive effects of animated visualization in exploratory visual data analysis. In: Fifth International Conference on Information Visualisation (InfoVis’ 01), London, pp. 77–84 (2001). doi:10.1109/IV.2001.942042
Scaife M., Rogers Y.: External cognition: how do graphical representations work?. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 45(2), 185–213 (1996). doi:10.1006/ijhc.1996.0048
Schneider, E., Boucheix, J.-M.: On line elaboration of a mental model during the understanding of an animation. In: Barker-Plummer D., Cox R., Swoboda N. (eds) Diagrammatic Representation and Inference. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 40–54 (2006). doi:10.1007/11783183_6
Sedig K., Rowhani S., Morey J., Liang H.-N.: Application of information visualization techniques to the design of a mathematical mindtool: a usability study. Inform. Vis. 3, 142–159 (2003)
Tversky B., Morrison J.B., Bertrancourt M.: Animation: can it facilitate?. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 57(4), 247–262 (2002)
Dragicevic, P., Ramos, G., Bibliowicz, J., Nowrouzezahrai, D., Balakrishnan, R., Singh, K: Video browsing by direct manipulation. In: Proceeding of the Twenty-Sixth Annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’08), Florence, pp. 237–246 (2008). doi:10.1145/1357054.1357096
Karrer, T., Weiss, M., Lee, E., Borchers, J.: DRAGON: A direct manipulation interface for frame-accurate in-scene video navigation. In: Proceedings of the CHI 2008 International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’08), Florence, pp. 247–250 (2008). doi:10.1145/1357054.1357097
Agosti M., Bonfiglio-Dosio G., Ferro N.: A historical and contemporary study on annotations to derive key features for systems design. Int. J. Digit. Lib. 8(1), 1–19 (2007). doi:10.1007/s00799-007-0010-0
Marshall, C.C.: Toward an ecology of hypertext annotation. In: Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, pp. 40–49 (1998). doi:10.1145/276627.276632
O’Hara, K., Sellen, A.: A comparison of reading paper and on-line documents. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 335–342. (1997). doi:10.1145/258549.258787
Shipman, F., Price, M., Marshall, C.C., Golovchinsky, G.: Identifying useful passages in documents based on annotation patterns. In: 7th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL 2003), pp. 110–112 (2003)
Wolfe, J.L.: Effects of annotations on student readers and writers. In: Proceedings of the Fifth ACM Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 19–26 (2000). doi:10.1145/336597.336620
Golovchinsky, G., Price, M.N., Schilit, B.N.: From reading to retrieval: freeform ink annotations as queries. In: Proceedings of SIGIR ’99, pp. 19–25 (1999). doi:10.1145/312624.312637
Marshall, C.C., Brush, A.J.B.: From personal to shared annotations. In: CHI ’02 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 812–813 (2002). doi:10.1145/506443.506610
Hill, W.C., Hollan, J.D., Wroblewski, D., McCandless, T.: Edit wear and read wear. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in Computing Systems, pp. 3–9 (1992). doi:10.1145/142750.142751
Cutrell, E., Guan, Z.: What are you looking for?: an eye-tracking study of information usage in web search. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 407–416 (2007). doi:10.1145/1240624.1240690
Halford G.S., Baker R., McCredden J.E., Bain J.D.: How many variables can humans process?. Psychol. Sci. 16(1), 70–76 (2005)
Brunelli R., Mich O., Modena C.M.: A survey on the automatic indexing of video data. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 10(2), 78–112 (1999). doi:10.1006/jvci.1997.0404
North C., Shneiderman B.: Snap-together visualization: can users construct and operate coordinated visualizations?. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 53(5), 715–739 (2000). doi:10.1006/ijhc.2000.0418
Baldonado, M.Q.W., Woodruff, A., Kuchinsky, A.: Guidelines for using multiple views in information visualization. In: Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI 2000), pp. 110–119 (2000). doi:10.1145/345513.345271
Lee, B., Czerwinski, M., Robertson, G., Bederson, B.B.: Understanding Research Trends in Conferences Using paperLens. In: CHI ’05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1969–1972 (2005). doi:10.1145/1056808.1057069
Brown, M.S., Seales, B.W.: Beyond 2D images: effective 3D imaging for library materials. In: Proceedings of the Fifth ACM Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 27–36 (2000). doi:10.1145/336597.336623
Marks L., Hussell J.A.T., McMahon T.M., Luce R.E.: ActiveGraph: a digital library visualization tool. Int. J. Digit. Lib. 5(1), 57–69 (2005). doi:10.1007/s00799-004-0110-z
Janssen, W.C., Popat, K.: UpLib: a universal personal digital library system. In: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng ’03), pp. 234–242 (2003). doi:10.1145/958220.958262
Beagrie, N.: Plenty of room at the bottom? Personal digital libraries and collections. D-Lib Mag. 11(6) (2005). doi:10.1045/june2005-beagrie
Bates M.J.: The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface. Online Rev. 13, 407–424 (1989)
Sellen, A.J., Murphy, R., Shaw, K.L.: How knowledge workers use the web. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 227–234 (2002). doi:10.1145/503376.503418
Aula, A., Jhaveri, N., Käki, M.: Information search and re-access strategies of experienced web users. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW ’05), pp. 583–592 (2005). doi:10.1145/1060745.1060831
Jhaveri, N., Räihä, K.-J.: The advantages of a cross-session web workspace. In: CHI ’05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1949–1952 (2005). doi:10.1145/1056808.1057064
Whittaker S., Hirschberg J.: The character, value, and management of personal paper archives. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 8(2), 150–170 (2001). doi:10.1145/376929.376932
Puntambekar S., Stylianou A.: Improving navigation and learning in hypertext environments with navigable concept maps. Hum. Comput. Interact. 18(4), 395–428 (2003). doi:10.1207/S15327051HCI1804_3
Sumner T., Ahmad F., Bhushan S., Gu Q., Molina F., Willard S., Wright M., Davis L., Janée G.: Linking learning goals and educational resources through interactive concept map visualizations. Int. J. Digit. Lib. 5, 18–24 (2005). doi:10.1007/s00799-004-0112-x
Marshall, B.B., Chen, H., Shen, R., Fox, E.A.: Moving digital libraries into the student learning space: The GetSmart experience. J. Educ. Res. Comput. 6(1) (2006). doi:10.1145/1217862.1217864
Kerne, A., Koh, E., Dworaczyk, B., Mistrot, J.M., Choi, C., Smith, S.M., Graeber, R., Caruso, D., Webb, A., Hill, R., Albea, J.: CombinFormation: a mixed-initiative system for representing collections as compositions of image and text surrogates. In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL ’06), pp. 11–20 (2006). doi:10.1145/1141753.1141756
Janecek P., Pu P.: An evaluation on semantic fisheye views for opportunistic search in an annotated image collection. Int. J. Digit. Lib. 5(1), 42–56 (2005). doi:10.1007/s00799-004-0108-6
Small H.: Visualizing science by citation mapping. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. 50(9), 799–813 (1999). doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:9<799::AID-ASI9>3.0.CO;2-G
Marshall, C.C., Bly, S.: Turning the page on navigation. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL ’05), pp. 225–234 (2005). doi:10.1145/1065385.1065438
Plaisant, C., Rose, J., Yu, B., Auvil, L., Kirschenbaum, M.G., Smith, M.N., Clement, T., Lord, G.: Exploring erotics in Emily Dickinson’s correspondence with text mining and visual interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL ’06), pp. 141–150 (2006). doi:10.1145/1141753.1141781
Shneiderman, B., Feldman, D., Rose, A., Grau, X.F.: Visualizing digital library search results with categorical and hierarchical axes. In: Proceedings of the Fifth ACM Conference on Digital libraries, pp. 57–66 (2000). doi:10.1145/336597.336637
Shneiderman B.: Dynamic queries for visual information seeking. IEEE Softw. 11(6), 70–77 (1994). doi:10.1109/52.329404
Chen C., Kuljis J.: The rising landscape: A visual exploration of superstring revolution in physics. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 54(5), 435–446 (2003). doi:10.1002/asi.10229
Stone, M.C., Fishkin, K., Bier, E.A.: The movable filter as a user interface tool. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’94), pp. 306–312 (1994). doi:10.1145/191666.191774
Paepcke A.: Information needs in technical work settings and their implications for the design of computer tools. Comput. Support. Coop. Work 5(1), 63–92 (1996). doi:10.1007/BF00141936
Davis M.: Media streams: an iconic visual language for video representation. In: Baecker, R.M., Grudin, J., Buxton, W.A.S., Greenberg, S. (eds) Readings in Human–Computer Interaction: Towards the Year 2000, 2nd edn., pp. 854–866. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1995)
Monroy C., Kochumman R., Furuta R., Urbina E.: Interactive timeline viewer (ItLv): a tool to visualize variants among documents. In: Börner, K., Chen, C. (eds) Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries, Springer, Berlin (2002). doi:10.1007/3-540-36222-3_4
Shen, Z., Ogawa, M., Teoh, S.T., Ma, K.-L.: BiblioViz: a system for visualizing bibliography information. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Information Visualisation (APVIS 2006), pp. 93–102 (2006)
Spool J.M., Scanlon T., Schroeder W., Snyder C., DeAngelo T.: Web site usability: a designer’s guide. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)
Spool, J.: Are the product lists on your site reducing sales? User Interface Engineering (2001). http://www.uie.com/publications/whitepapers/PogoSticking-09-20-2005.pdf
Buchanan G., Blandford A., Jones M., Thimbleby H.: Spatial hypertext as a reader tool in digital libraries. In: Börner, K., Chen, C. (eds) Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries, vol. 2539, pp. 13–24. Springer, Berlin (2002). doi:10.1007/3-540-36222-3_2
Dourish P., Edwards W.K., Lamarca A., Salisbury M.: Presto: an experimental architecture for fluid interactive document spaces. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 6(2), 133–161 (1999). doi:10.1145/319091.319099
Marshall, C.C., Shipman, F.: Spatial hypertext and the practice of information triage. In: Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Hypertext, pp. 124–133 (1997). doi:10.1145/267437.267451
Kruger, R., Carpendale, S., Scott, S.D., Greenberg, S.: How people use orientation on tables: comprehension, cooordination and communication. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work, pp. 369–378 (2003). doi:10.1145/958160.958219
Carpendale, M.S.T., Cowperthwaite, D.J., Fracchia, F.D.: Making distortions comprehensible. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Symposium on Visual Languages (VL ’97), pp. 36–45 (1997). doi:10.1109/VL.1997.626556
Carpendale M.S.T., Cowperthwaite D.J., Fracchia F.D.: Extending distortion viewing from 2D to 3D. Comput. Graphics Appl. 17(4), 42–51 (1997). doi:10.1109/38.595268
Leung Y.K., Apperley M.D.: A review and taxonomy of distortion-oriented techniques. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 1(2), 126–160 (1994). doi:10.1145/180171.180173
Mackinlay, J.D., Robertson, G.G., Card, S.K.: The perspective wall: detail and context smoothly integrated. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’91), pp. 173–176 (1991). doi:10.1145/108844.108870
Buzydlowski J.W., White H.D., Lin X.: Term co-orrurence analysis as an interface to digital libraries. In: Börner, K., Chen, C. (eds) Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries, pp. 133–144. Springer, Berlin (2002). doi:10.1007/3-540-36222-3_10
Wilson T.D.: Models in information behaviour research. J. Doc. 55(3), 249–270 (1999)
Wilson T.D.: Human information behavior. Inform. Sci. 3(2), 49–56 (2000)
Beaulieu M.: Interaction in information searching and retrieval. J. Doc. 56(4), 431–439 (2000)
Marchionini G.: Information Seeking in Electronic Environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995)
Fast, K.V., Campbell, G.D.: I still like Google: University student perceptions of searching OPACs and the Web. In: Proceedings of the 67th ASIS&T Annual Meeting, vol. 41, pp. 138–146 (2004). doi:10.1002/meet.1450410116
Teevan, J., Alvarado, C., Ackerman, M.S., Karger, D.R.: The perfect search engine is not enough: a study of orienteering behavior in directed search. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’04), pp. 415–422 (2004). doi:10.1145/985692.985745
Nation D.A., Plaisant C., Marchionini G., Komlodi A.: Visualising web sites using a hierarchical table of contents browser: WebTOC. In: Bederson, B.B., Shneiderman, B. (eds) The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections, pp. 199–210. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2003)
Hightower, R.R., Ring, L.T., Helfman, J.I., Bederson, B.B., Hollan, J.D.: Graphical multiscale web histories: a study of padprints. In: Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, pp. 58–65 (1998). doi:10.1145/276627.276634
Robertson, G., Cameron, K., Czerwinski, M., Robbins, D.: Polyarchy visualization: visualizing multiple intersecting hierarchies. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’02), pp. 423–430 (2002). doi:10.1145/503376.503452
Johnson, B., Shneiderman, B.: Tree-Maps: a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Visualization ’91. IEEE Computer Society Press, San Diego, pp. 284–291 (1991). doi:10.1109/VISUAL.1991.175815
Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D.K., Card, S.: Cone trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’91), pp. 189–194 (1991). doi:10.1145/108844.108883
Shneiderman, B.: The eyes have it: a task by data type taxonomy for information visualization. In: Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, pp. 336–343 (1996)
Pfitzner, D., Hobbs, V., Powers, D.: A unified taxonomic framework for information visualization. In: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Symposium on Information Visualisation, pp. 57–66 (2003)
Chi, E.H.: A taxonomy of visualization techniques using the data state reference model. In: Proceedings of InfoVis 2000, pp. 69–75 (2000). doi:10.1109/INFVIS.2000.885092
Yi J.S., Kang Y.A., Stasko J.T., Jacko J.A.: Toward a deeper understanding of the role of interaction in information visualization. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics 13(6), 1224–1231 (2007)
Lam H.: A framework of interaction costs in information visualization. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics 14(6), 1149–1156 (2008). doi:10.1109/TVCG.2008.109
Keim D.A.: Information visualization and visual data mining. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics 7(1), 1–8 (2002). doi:10.1109/2945.981847
Liu Z., Nersessian N.J., Stasko J.T.: Distributed cognition as a theoretical framework for information visualization. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics 14(6), 1173–1180 (2008). doi:10.1109/TVCG.2008.121
Fishkin K.P.: A taxonomy for and analysis of tangible interfaces. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 8(5), 347–358 (2004)
Hornecker, E., Burr, J.: Getting a grip on tangible interaction: a framework for physical space and social interaction. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’06). pp. 437–446 (2006)
Price, S.: A representation approach to conceptualizing tangible learning environments. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction (TEI ’08), pp. 151–158 (2008)
Wigdor D., Wixon D.: Brave NUI world: Designing Natural User Interfaces for Touch and Gesture. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fast, K.V., Sedig, K. Interaction and the epistemic potential of digital libraries. Int J Digit Libr 11, 169–207 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-011-0066-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-011-0066-8