[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/
Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

A systematic study on blockchain technology in education: initiatives, products, applications, benefits, challenges and research direction

  • Regular Paper
  • Published:
Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Blockchain facilitates the education sector from its unique bundles of characteristics, like decentralization, immutability, reliability, transparency, traceability, security, and integrity. These characteristics improve the ecosystem’s accountability, collaboration, credibility, identification, transparency, and trustability. Despite these attractive features and benefits, blockchain technology in education still needs to overcome many challenges that require consistent effort. This paper systematically studies leading blockchain proposals in the education sector. Our study mainly focuses on four categories: (i) Blockchain-based initiatives, (ii) Existing blockchain-based products/solutions, (iii) Applications/Use cases, benefits and challenges in the adoption of blockchain, and (iv) Future research direction in the education sector. We categorize the distinct challenges based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. This article covers research articles published in eight well-known scientific databases between 2017 and the first quarter of 2023. We screen the articles with the help of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) approach. This article also explores other educational areas that could benefit from blockchain due to its potential and attractive features.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Data availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Code availability

Not applicable to this article.

References

  1. Zhang R, Xue R, Liu L (2019) Security and privacy on blockchain. ACM Comput Surv (CSUR) 52:1–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cheriguene A, Kabache T, Adnane A, Kerrache CA, Ahmad F (2022) On the use of blockchain technology for education during pandemics. IT Profess 24:52–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Guo H, Yu X A (2022) survey on blockchain technology and its security. Blockchain: Research and Applications 3, 100067

  4. Saleh OS, Ghazali O, Rana ME (2020) Blockchain based framework for educational certificates verification. J Critical Rev 7:79–84

    Google Scholar 

  5. Alammary A, Alhazmi S, Almasri M, Gillani S (2019) Blockchain-based applications in education: a systematic review. Appl Sci 9:2400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hannan MA, Shahriar MA, Ferdous MS, Chowdhury MJM, Rahman MSA (2023) systematic literature review of blockchain-based e-kyc systems. Computing, pp 1–30

  7. Yadav AS, Kushwaha DS (2022) Digitization of land record through blockchain-based consensus algorithm. IETE Tech Rev 39:799–816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Balasubramaniam A, Gul MJJ, Menon VG, Paul A (2021) Blockchain for intelligent transport system. IETE Tech Rev 38:438–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Haque MA (2023)et al. Sustainable and efficient e-learning internet of things system through blockchain technology. E Learn Digital Media 20427530231156711

  10. Gajendran N (2020) Blockchain-based secure framework for elearning during covid-19. Indian J Sci Technol 13:1328–1341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cheriguene A, Kabache T, Kerrache CA, Calafate CT, Cano JC (2022) Nota: a novel online teaching and assessment scheme using blockchain for emergency cases. Educ Inf Technol 27:115–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Leka E, Selimi B (2020) Bcert—a decentralized academic certificate system distribution using blockchain technology. Int J Inf Technol Security, 12

  13. Lutfiani N, Apriani D, Nabila EA, Juniar HL (2022) Academic certificate fraud detection system framework using blockchain technology. Blockchain Front Technol 1:55–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Altamimi A, Al-Bashayreh M, AL-Oudat M, Almajali D (2022) Blockchain technology adoption for sustainable learning. Int J Data Netw Sci 6:983–994

  15. Education blockchain goes to school. Tech. Rep., Cognizant 20–20 Insights (2019)

  16. Kuleto V et al (2022) The potential of blockchain technology in higher education as perceived by students in Serbia, Romania, and Portugal. Sustainability 14:749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Lam TY, Dongol B (2022) A blockchain-enabled e-learning platform. Interactive Learning Environ 30:1229–1251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Nguyen BM, Dao T-C, Do B-L (2020) Towards a blockchain-based certificate authentication system in vietnam. Peer J Comput Sci 6:e266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Alsobhi HA, Alakhtar RA, Ubaid A, Hussain OK, Hussain FK (2023) Blockchain-based micro-credentialing system in higher education institutions: systematic literature review. Knowl Based Syst, 110238

  20. Hori M (2018) et al. Learning system based on decentralized learning model using blockchain and sns

  21. Turkanović M, Hölbl M, Košič K, Heričko M, Kamišalić A (2018) Eductx: A blockchain-based higher education credit platform. IEEE Access 6:5112–5127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lokesh GH et al (2022) Providing authentication and privacy for university certificates using smart contracts in blockchain technology. Interdiscip Descript Complex Syst INDECS 20:398–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Shaikh ZA et al (2022) Blockchain hyperledger with non-linear machine learning: a novel and secure educational accreditation registration and distributed ledger preservation architecture. Appl Sci 12:2534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kim S-K (2022) Blockchain smart contract to prevent forgery of degree certificates: artificial intelligence consensus algorithm. Electronics 11:2112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Mohammad A, Vargas S (2022) Challenges of using blockchain in the education sector: a literature review. Appl Sci 12:6380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. UNIC Institute of Future. Blockchain certificates (academic & others) (2018). https://www.unic.ac.cy/iff/blockchain-certificates/. Accessed: 15/08/2022

  27. MIT Media Lab. Digital academic credentials (-). https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/media-lab-digital-certificates/overview/. Accessed: 30/08/2022

  28. Sony Global Education. Sony develops system for authentication, sharing, and rights management using blockchain technology (2017). https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press/201708/17-071E/. Accessed: 10/09/2022

  29. Kosmarski A (2020) Blockchain adoption in academia: Promises and challenges. J Open Innov Technol Market Complex 6:117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Palumbo R, Manna R (2019) Making educational organizations able to change: a literature review. Int J Educ Manage 33:734–752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Behl A et al (2022) Gamification and e-learning for young learners: A systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis, and future research agenda. Technol Forecast Social Change 176:121445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Jayawardena NS et al (2021) Effective online engagement strategies through gamification: a systematic literature review and a future research agenda. J Glob Inf Manage (JGIM) 30:1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sohrabi C (2021) et al. Prisma 2020 statement: what’s new and the importance of reporting guidelines

  34. Hamzah H, Hamzah MI, Zulkifli H (2022) Systematic Literature review on the elements of metacognition-based higher order thinking skills (HOTS) teaching and learning modules. Sustainability 14:813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H-N, Chen X, Wang H (2018) Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. Int J Web Grid Services 14:352–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kitsantas T, Chytis E (2022) Blockchain technology as an ecosystem: Trends and perspectives in accounting and management. J Theor Appl Electronic Commerce Res 17:1143–1161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Mitchell I, Hara S, Sheriff M (2019) dapper: decentralised application for examination review

  38. Mukherjee P, Pradhan C (2021) Blockchain 1.0 to blockchain 4.0–the evolutionary transformation of blockchain technology

  39. De Aguiar EJ, Faiçal BS, Krishnamachari B, Ueyama J (2020) A survey of blockchain-based strategies for healthcare. ACM Comput Surv (CSUR) 53:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Shakan Y, Kumalakov B, Mutanov G, Mamykova Z, Kistaubayev Y (2021) Verification of university student and graduate data using blockchain technology. Int J Comput Commun Control, 16

  41. Lashkari B, Musilek P (2021) A comprehensive review of blockchain consensus mechanisms. IEEE Access 9:43620–43652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Daraghmi E-Y, Daraghmi Y-A, Yuan S-M (2019) Unichain: a design of blockchain-based system for electronic academic records access and permissions management. Appl Sci 9:4966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Leiponen A, Thomas LD, Wang Q (2022) The dapp economy: A new platform for distributed innovation? Innovation 24:125–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Nakamoto S (2008) Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. decentralized business review, 21260

  45. Ayub Khan A et al (2021) Educational blockchain: a secure degree attestation and verification traceability architecture for higher education commission. Appl Sci 11:10917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Cheng J-C, Lee N-Y, Chi C, Chen Y-H (2018) Blockchain and smart contract for digital certificate

  47. Zhao X, Si Y-W (2021) Nftcert: Nft-based certificates with online payment gateway

  48. Lingampalli JR, Namdeo V (2021) Unique smart card verification system for validating university degree certificates

  49. Guerreiro S, Ferreira JF, Fonseca T, Correia M (2022) Integrating an academic management system with blockchain: a case study. Blockchain Res Appl 3, 100099

  50. Knowledge Media Institute. Open Blockchain: Investigating the potential of blockchains (-). https://kmi.open.ac.uk/. Accessed: 20/09/2022

  51. Aramid Technologies. SmartCert - a universal, cloud-based platform that simplifies every aspect of cert transfer. seamlessly receive, process, and share digital quality certs (-). https://www.smartcert.tech/. Accessed: 20/08/2022

  52. BLOCKCERTS. BlockCerts: An open standard for creating, issuing, viewing, and verifying blockchain-based certificates (-). https://www.blockcerts.org/. Accessed: 18/08/2022

  53. RecordsKeeper. Verify academic certifications (-). https://www.recordskeeper.com/verify-academic-certifications/. Accessed: 05/10/2022

  54. Blockchain Certified Data. Blockchain digital credentials empower learners (-). https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press/201708/17-071E/. Accessed: 15/09/2022

  55. CRUBN. Understand the usage in education (-). https://www.ssi.crubn.com/education. Accessed: 01/10/2022

  56. Tariq A, Haq HB, Ali ST (2022) Cerberus: a blockchain-based accreditation and degree verification system. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst

  57. Identity in the 21st century india: Where are we? Tech. Rep., National Blockchain Project and CRUBN (2022)

  58. Dewangan NK, Chandrakar P, Kumari S, Rodrigues JJ (2023) Enhanced privacy-preserving in student certificate management in blockchain and interplanetary file system. Multimedia Tools Appl 82:12595–12614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Han M (2018) et al. A novel blockchain-based education records verification solution

  60. Nespor J (2019) Cyber schooling and the accumulation of school time. Pedagogy Culture Soc 27:325–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Grech A, Camilleri A (2017) Blockchain in education. publications office of the European Union, luxembourg (2017)

  62. Ocheja P, Flanagan B, Ueda H, Ogata H (2019) Managing lifelong learning records through blockchain. Res Pract Technol Enhanced Learn 14:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  63. Van Eecke P, Haie A-G (2018) Blockchain and the gdpr: the eu blockchain observatory report. Eur Data Prot L Rev 4:531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Li H, Han D (2019) Edurss: a blockchain-based educational records secure storage and sharing scheme. IEEE Access 7:179273–179289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Vidal FR, Gouveia F, Soares C (2020) Revocation mechanisms for academic certificates stored on a blockchain

  66. Zhong J, Xie H, Zou D, Chui DK (2018) A blockchain model for word-learning systems

  67. Raimundo R, Rosário A (2021) Blockchain system in the higher education. Eur J Invest Health Psychol Educ 11:276–293

    Google Scholar 

  68. Bdiwi R, De Runz C, Faiz S, Cherif AA (2018) A blockchain based decentralized platform for ubiquitous learning environment

  69. Sychov S, Chirtsov A (2018) Towards developing the unified bank of learning objects for electronic educational environment and its protection

  70. Bore, N. et al. Towards blockchain-enabled school information hub (2017)

  71. Mikroyannidis A, Domingue J, Bachler M, Quick K (2018) A learner-centred approach for lifelong learning powered by the blockchain

  72. Wu B, Li Y Design of evaluation system for digital education operational skill competition based on blockchain (2018)

  73. Bhaskar P, Tiwari CK, Joshi A (2021) Blockchain in education management: present and future applications. Interact Technol Smart Educ 18:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Haugsbakken H, Langseth I (2019) The blockchain challenge for higher education institutions. Eur J Educ 2:41–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Bandara I, Ioras F, Arraiza MP (2018) The emerging trend of blockchain for validating degree apprenticeship certification in cybersecurity education

  76. Bucea-Manea-Ţoniş R et al (2021) Blockchain technology enhances sustainable higher education. Sustainability 13:12347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Hölbl M et al. Eductx: an ecosystem for managing digital micro-credentials (2018)

  78. Delgado-von Eitzen C, Anido-Rifón L, Fernández-Iglesias MJ (2021) Blockchain applications in education: a systematic literature review. Appl Sci 11:11811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Ocheja P, Flanagan B, Ogata H, Oyelere SS (2022) Visualization of education blockchain data: trends and challenges. Interact Learn Environ, 1–25

  80. Baldi M, Chiaraluce F, Kodra M, Spalazzi L (2019) Security analysis of a blockchain-based protocol for the certification of academic credentials. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.04622

  81. Vidal F, Gouveia F, Soares C (2019) Analysis of blockchain technology for higher education

  82. Rahardja U, Hidayanto AN, Hariguna T, Aini Q (2019) Design framework on tertiary education system in indonesia using blockchain technology

  83. Arenas R, Fernandez P (2018) Credenceledger: a permissioned blockchain for verifiable academic credentials

  84. Duan B, Zhong Y, Liu D (2017) Learning outcome and meta-diploma, Education application of blockchain technology

  85. Savelyeva T, Park J (2022) Blockchain technology for sustainable education. Br J Educ Technol 53:1591–1604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Steiu M-F (2020) Blockchain in education: opportunities, applications, and challenges. First Monday

  87. Williams P (2019) Does competency-based education with blockchain signal a new mission for universities? J Higher Educ Policy Manage 41:104–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Ma Y, Fang Y (2020) Current status, issues, and challenges of blockchain applications in education. Int J Emerg Technol Learn (IJET) 15:20–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Dangi S, Aggarwal A, Rastogi P Integrating blockchain with education: proposed model, prospects and challenges. Transf Blockchain Technol, pp 87–111 (2022)

  90. Park J (2021) Promises and challenges of blockchain in education. Smart Learn Environ 8:1–13

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  91. Delgado-von Eitzen C, Anido-Rifón L, Fernández-Iglesias MJ (2021) Application of blockchain in education: Gdpr-compliant and scalable certification and verification of academic information. Appl Sci 11:4537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Li W, He M, Haiquan S (2021) An overview of blockchain technology: applications, challenges and future trends

  93. Arndt T, Guercio A (2020) Blockchain-based transcripts for mobile higher-education. Int J Inf Educ Technol 10:84–89

    Google Scholar 

  94. Juričić V, Radošević M, Fuzul E Creating student’s profile using blockchain technology (2019)

Download references

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement available to this article.

Funding

No Funding of any sort if received for this manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Rohit Kumar Sachan and Sonal Kukreja have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. SCSET, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India

    Prity Rani, Rohit Kumar Sachan & Sonal Kukreja

Authors
  1. Prity Rani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rohit Kumar Sachan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sonal Kukreja
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: PR Literature search and study, Literature analysis, Draft manuscript preparation. RKS Literature analysis, Draft manuscript preparation, Critically revised the work, Supervised the work. SK Supervised the work. All authors reviewed the paper and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Prity Rani.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Authors declare that no conflicts of interests of any sort is associated with the manuscript.

Human and animals rights

Not applicable.

Informed consent

All the authors have confirmed the consent to submit the paper to Computing Journal Springer.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rani, P., Sachan, R.K. & Kukreja, S. A systematic study on blockchain technology in education: initiatives, products, applications, benefits, challenges and research direction. Computing 106, 405–447 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-023-01228-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-023-01228-z

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

Search

Navigation