Abstract
Social Media (SM) have been established as multifunctional networking tools that tend to offer an increasingly wider variety of services, making it difficult to determine their core purpose and mission, therefore, their type. This paper assesses this evolution of Social Media Types (SMTs), presents, and evaluates a novel hypothesis-based data driven methodology for analyzing Social Media Platforms (SMPs) and categorizing SMTs. We review and update literature regarding the categorization of SMPs, based on their services. We develop a methodology to propose and evaluate a new taxonomy, comprising: (i) the hypothesis that the number of SMTs is smaller than what current literature suggests, (ii) observations on data regarding SM usage and (iii) experimentation using association rules and clustering algorithms. As a result, we propose three (3) SMTs, namely Social, Entertainment and Profiling networks, typically capturing emerging SMP services. Our results show that our hypothesis is validated by implementing our methodology and we discuss threats to validity.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Notes
RapidMiner is a software suite that provides an integrated environment for data preparation, machine learning [15], deep learning, text mining [16], and predictive analytics. It supports all steps of the data mining process including data preparation, results visualization, model validation and optimization [17].
Abbreviations
- SM:
-
Social Media
- SMT:
-
Social Media Type
- SMP:
-
Social Media Platform
- SN:
-
Social Networks
References
Chaffey D (2016) Global social media research summary 2016. Smart Insights: Social Media Marketing. Retrieved from https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-social-media-research/
Kietzmann JH, Hermkens K, McCarthy IP, Silvestre BS (2011) Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Bus Horiz 54(3):241–251
Obar JA, Wildman SS (2015) Social media definition and the governance challenge-an introduction to the special issue. Telecommun Policy 39(9):745–750. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2647377
Kaplan AM, Haenlein M (2010) Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Bus Horiz 53(1):59–68
Boyd DM, Ellison NB (2007) Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. J Comput Mediat Commun 13(1):210–230
Pallis G, Zeinalipour-Yazti D, Dikaiakos MD (2011) Online social networks: status and trends. In: Vakali A, Jain LC (eds) New directions in web data management 1. Studies in computational intelligence, vol 331. Springer, Berlin
Wasserman S, Faust K (1994) Social network analysis: methods and applications, vol 8. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Otte E, Rousseau R (2002) Social network analysis: a powerful strategy, also for the information sciences. J Inf Sci 28(6):441–453
Number of global social network users 2010-2021 (2018, March 21). Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com
Richthammer C, Netter M, RiesnerM, Pernul G (2013) Taxonomy for social network data types from the viewpoint of privacy and user control. In: 2013 eighth international conference on availability, reliability and security (ARES), Sept 2013, pp 141–150
Gundecha P, Liu H (2012) Mining social media: a brief introduction. Tutor Oper Res 1:1–17
Engelbrecht, A., Gerlach, J., & Widjaja, T. (2016 May). Understanding the anatomy of data-driven business models-towards an empirical taxonomy. In: ECIS, May 2016 (ResearchPaper128)
Kanellopoulos Y, Antonellis P, Tjortjis C, Makris C, Tsirakis N (2011) k-attractors: a partitional clustering algorithm for numeric data analysis. Appl Artif Intell 25(2):97–115
Yakhchi S, Ghafari SM, Tjortjis C, Fazeli M (2017) ARMICA-improved: a new approach for association rule mining. In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on knowledge science, engineering and management (KSEM 17), LNAI, Springer, Berlin. vol 10412, pp 296–306
Bishop CM (2006) Pattern recognition and machine learning. Springer, Berlin
Aggarwal CC, Zhai C (eds) (2012) Mining text data. Springer, Berlin
Ritthoff O, Klinkenberg R, Fisher S, Mierswa I, Felske S (2001) YALE: yet another learning environment. LLWA’01. University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany. Technical Report 763, pp 84–92
Bassel GW, Glaab E, Marquez J, Holdsworth MJ, Bacardit J (2011) Functional network construction in Arabidopsis using rule-based machine learning on large-scale data sets. Plant Cell. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.111.088153
Weiss SM, Indurkhya N (1995) Rule-based machine learning methods for functional prediction. J Artif Intell Res 3:383–403
Piatetsky-Shapiro G (1991) Discovery, analysis, and presentation of strong rules. In: Knowledge discovery in databases, pp 229–238
Agrawal R, Srikant R (1994). Fast algorithms for mining association rules. In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on very large data bases, VLDB, Sept 1994, vol 1215, pp 487–499
Han J, Pei J, Yin Y (2000). Mining frequent patterns without candidate generation. In: ACM sigmod record. ACM, May 2000 vol 29, No 2, pp 1–12
Hipp J, Güntzer U, Nakhaeizadeh G (2000) Algorithms for association rule mining- a general survey and comparison. SIGKDD Explor 2(1):1–58
Hornik K, Grün B, Hahsler M (2005) arules-A computational environment for mining association rules and frequent item sets. J Stat Softw 14(15):1–25
Kumar BS, Rukmani KV (2010) Implementation of web usage mining using APRIORI and FP growth algorithms. Int J Adv Netw Appl 1(06):400–404
Witten IH, Frank E, Hall MA, Pal CJ (2016) Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco
Choi S-S, Cha S-H, Tappert CC (2010) A survey of binary similarity and distance measures. J Syst Cybern Inform 8(1):43–48
Jain AK (2010) Data clustering: 50 years beyond k-means. Pattern Recogn Lett 31(8):651–666
Zafarani R, Abbasi MA, Liu H (2014) Social media mining: an introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Ester M, Kriegel HP, SanderJ, Xu X (1996) A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In: Kdd, Aug 1996 vol 96, No 34, pp 226–231
Schubert E, Sander J, Ester M, Kriegel HP, Xu X (2017) DBSCAN revisited, revisited: why and how you should (still) use DBSCAN. ACM Trans Database Syst (TODS) 42(3):19
Kaufman L, Rousseeuw P (1987) Clustering by means of medoids. North-Holland, Amsterdam
Sibuya M (1993) A random clustering process. Ann Inst Stat Math 45(3):459–465
Statistics for Social Networks (2017) 12 Oct 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.dreamgrow.com
Facebook Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com
YouTube Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com
Instagram Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.instagram.com
Twitter Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.twitter.com
Reddit Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.reddit.com
Vine Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://vine.co/
Pinterest Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.pinterest.com
Ask.fm Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.ask.fm
Tumblr Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.tumblr.com
Flickr Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.flickr.com/
Google+ Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://plus.google.com/
LinkedIn Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.linkedin.com
VK Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://vk.com/
ClassMates Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.classmates.com/
Meetup Platform and Documentation (2017) 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.meetup.com/
Han J, Pei J, Kamber M (2011) Data mining: concepts and techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Forrest C (2014) The top 7 acquisitions of all-time in social media, and why they matter. 12 Mar 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-top-7-acquisitions-of-all-time-in-social-media-and-why-they-matter/
Asur S, Huberman BA, Szabo G, Wang C (2011) Trends in social media: persistence and decay. In: ICWSM, July 2011
Perrin A (2015) Social media usage: 2005–2015. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, 12 Oct 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/08/social-networking-usage-2005-2015/
Valentini C, Kruckeberg D (2012) New media versus social media: a conceptualization of their meanings, uses, and implications for public relations. In: Duhé S (ed) New Media and Public Relations, 2nd edn. Peter Lang, New York, pp 3–12
Lua A (2019) 21 top social media sites to consider for your brand. 24 Jan 2019. Retrieved from: https://buffer.com/library/social-media-sites
Rideout VJ (2015) The common sense census: media use by tweens and teens. Common Sense Media Incorporated, San Francisco
Leiner DJ, Kobilke L, Rueß C, Brosius HB (2018) Functional domains of social media platforms: structuring the uses of Facebook to better understand its gratifications. Comput Hum Behav 83:194–203
Copp E (2018) Top 5 social media trends in 2019 (And How Brands Should Adapt). 4 Dec 2018. Retrieved from: https://blog.hootsuite.com/social-media-trends/
Teague L (2019) Your 2019 social media strategy: 4 trends you can’t ignore. Retrieved from: https://www.convinceandconvert.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-trends-2019/
Paterl D (2018) 10 Social Media Trends to Watch in 2019. Dec 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/324901
Goodwin D (2019) 10 social media trends that will matter most in 2019. 16 Jan 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.searchenginejournal.com/2019-social-media-trends/286029/
Wikipedia (2019) List of mergers and acquisitions by Facebook. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Facebook
Index.co (2019) 2019 s Top 50 Acquisitions in Social Media. Retrieved from: https://index.co/top/market/social-media/acquisitions/2019
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendices
Appendix A: The complete set of 112 SM sites
SM sites | |||
---|---|---|---|
Gab | Cross.tv | Plurk | |
YouTube | Telegram | Flixster | LiveJournal |
Tagged | Gaia Online | ||
Myspace | BlackPlanet | Qzone | |
Badoo | MyMFB | ||
Vine | Stumbleupon | Care2 | Baidu |
Foursquare | CaringBridge | Line | |
Ask.fm | MeetMe | GoFundMe | YY |
Tumblr | Skyrock A192 | Tinder | Sprybirds |
Flickr | Pinboard | Crokes | |
Google+ | Kiwibox | Goodreads | VampireFreaks |
Twoo | Internations | CafeMom | |
VK | Yelp | PlentyofFish | Ravelry |
ClassMates | Snapfish | Minds | ASmallWorld |
Meetup | Photobucket | Nexopia | ReverbNation |
Shutterfly | Glocals | SoundCloud | |
Messenger | 500px | Academia.edu | Solaborate |
Snapchat | DeviantArt | Busuu | eToro |
Quora | Dronestagram | English, baby! | Xanga |
GirlsAskGuys | Fotki | Italki.com | Ryze |
Nextdoor | Fotolog | Untappd | Zynga |
ProductHunt | Imgur | Doximity | Habbo |
AngelList | Pixabay | Wayn | FunnyOrDie |
Kickstarter | WeHeartIt | CouchSurfing | Tout |
43Things | TravBuddy | Classmates | |
Skype | Path | Tournac | MyHeritage |
Viber | Uplike | Cellufun | MocoSpace |
Viadeo | Last.fm | 23andMe | Ancestry.com |
Appendix B: Mapping official features to utilities
Utility | Official features |
---|---|
Connecting (Count = 52) | Fans, Groups, Live Chat, Pokes, Gifts, Messaging, Explore, Instagram Direct, Direct Messaging, Discussion Website, Exploring, Profiles, Messaging to Blogs, Accounts, User Profiles, Circles, Communities, Collections, Emails, User Profile Network, Influencers, Synchronization with Other Social Networks, SMS Service, Members, Neighbors, Chatting, Drafts, Secret chats, Voice Calls, Bands, Dating, Mothers, Weaving, Christian, Talent, Muslims, Activists, Political, Authors, Expats, Follow, Teenagers, Celebrities, Relatives, User Groups, Messages, Group and Voice Chat, Video conferences, Conversations, Chat features |
Multimedia (Count = 29) | Photos, Videos, Text, Upload and download options for Photos, Playback Upload Quality and formats, Live Streaming, 3D Videos, 360o Videos, Images, Live Videos, Photographic Filters, Record Short Video Clips, Ability To “Revine” Videos on A Personal Stream, Stream, Photography, Voice, Image Filters, Short videos, Gab, Cloud-Based Messages, Audio, Files, Musicians, Crocheting, Photoblog, VideoBlog, AudioBlog, Pictures |
Professional (Count = 36) | Monetization, Licensing, Job Listings, Online Recruiting, For-Pay Research, Snapcash, Products, Startups, Investors, Funding, Channels, Enterprises, Purchases, Home Services, Drones, Knitting, Environmental, Treatments, Medical, Illness, Funding, Rewards, Academics, Papers, Teaching, Language, Health, Business, Promoting, Companies, Technology, Trading, Stock offering, Virtual Currency, Video Streaming for money, Video tutorials for money |
Sharing (Count = 23) | Post Text, Instagram Stories, Tweet, Retweet, Links, Hashtags, Sharing Content, Protected Posts, Pins, Boards, Send Questions, Queue, Tags, Questions, What’s Hot, Post to And Read Community Boards, Post, Content Discovery, Location, Inspiration, Spinning, Sharing, Posting, Quoting |
Entertainment (Count = 17) | Games, Shopping, Gaming, Art, Music, Culture, Travel, Luxury, Movies, Animes, Books, Comedy, Online Social Gaming, Gamers, Concerts, Fashion, Sports |
Opinions (Count = 15) | Polls, Answers, Suggest Edits, Feeds, Recommendations, Reviews, Advice, Recommendation, Discussions, Forums, Opinions, Reviews, Discussion forums, |
Profile (Count = 13) | Wall, Calendar, Embedded in Profile, Skills, Memories, Bookmarking, Goals, Career, Records, Professional Profiles, Profile, Journals, Diaries |
Publishing (Count = 11) | Dashboard (Blog Posts), Google+ Page, Locations, Google Local, Publishing Platform, Blog, Blogging, Weblog, Pulse, Blogs, Microblogging |
Applications (Count = 15) | Apps, Stand-alone Apps, Third-party Services, HTML editing, Interaction and compatibility, Filtering, Additional features, Deprecated Features, Applications, External, Third Party Applications, Mobile, SMS, Bots, third party development |
Schedule (Count = 8) | Organization, View Information About Upcoming Reunions, Organize Meetups, Events, Activities, Planning, Event, Event coordination |
Privacy (Count = 6) | Classified section, Access control, Identity Service, Privacy, Security and Technology, Enhanced Privacy |
Voting (Count = 7) | Likes, Web Content Rating, Voting, +1 Button, Like Buttons, Upvote/Downvote, Stickers |
News (Count = 7) | News Feed, Status, Follow People and Trending Topics, Social News Aggregation, Following, News, Tech News |
Promoting (Count = 4) | Fan Pages, Links, Advertising, Ad-Free |
Appendix C: Utility occurrences on the SM dataset
No. | SM sites | Connecting | Multimedia | Professional | Sharing | Entertainment | Opinions | Profile | Publishing | Applications | Schedule | Privacy | Voting | News | Promoting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7 | 4 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
2 | YouTube | – | 6 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | |
4 | 1 | 2 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
5 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | |
6 | Vine | – | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
7 | 1 | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | ||
8 | Ask.fm | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
9 | Tumblr | 1 | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | |
10 | Flickr | 1 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – |
11 | Google+ | 5 | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 3 | 2 | – | 2 | 1 | – | – |
12 | 3 | – | 3 | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 4 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | |
13 | VK | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
14 | ClassMates | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – |
15 | Meetup | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
16 | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
17 | Messenger | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
18 | Snapchat | – | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
19 | Quora | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
20 | GirlsAskGuys | – | 1 | – | 2 | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
21 | Nextdoor | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – |
22 | ProductHunt | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
23 | AngelList | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
24 | Kickstarter | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
25 | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
26 | Skype | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
27 | Viber | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
28 | Viadeo | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
29 | Gab | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
30 | Telegram | 4 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – |
31 | Tagged | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
32 | Myspace | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
33 | Badoo | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
34 | Stumbleupon | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
35 | Foursquare | – | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
36 | MeetMe | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
37 | Skyrock A192 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
38 | Pinboard | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
39 | Kiwibox | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
40 | Twoo | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
41 | Yelp | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
42 | Snapfish | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
43 | Photobucket | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
44 | Shutterfly | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
45 | 500px | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
46 | DeviantArt | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
47 | Dronestagram | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
48 | Fotki | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
49 | Fotolog | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
50 | Imgur | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
51 | Pixabay | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
52 | WeHeartIt | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
53 | 43Things | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
54 | Path | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
55 | Uplike | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
56 | Last.fm | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
57 | Cross.tv | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
58 | Flixster | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
59 | Gaia Online | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
60 | BlackPlanet | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
61 | MyMFB | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
62 | Care2 | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
63 | CaringBridge | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
64 | GoFundMe | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
65 | Tinder | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
66 | Crokes | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
67 | Goodreads | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
68 | Internations | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
69 | PlentyofFish | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
70 | Minds | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
71 | Nexopia | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
72 | Glocals | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – |
73 | Academia.edu | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
74 | Busuu | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
75 | English, baby! | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
76 | Italki.com | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
77 | Untappd | – | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
78 | Doximity | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
79 | Wayn | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
80 | CouchSurfing | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
81 | TravBuddy | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
82 | Tournac | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
83 | Cellufun | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
84 | 23andMe | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
85 | Plurk | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
86 | LiveJournal | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
87 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
88 | Qzone | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
89 | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
90 | Baidu | – | 2 | – | 3 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
91 | Line | 3 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
92 | YY | 1 | – | 3 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
93 | Sprybirds | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
94 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | |
95 | VampireFreaks | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
96 | CafeMom | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
97 | Ravelry | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
98 | ASmallWorld | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
99 | ReverbNation | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
100 | SoundCloud | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
101 | Solaborate | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – |
102 | eToro | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
103 | Xanga | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
104 | Ryze | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
105 | Zynga | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
106 | Habbo | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
107 | FunnyOrDie | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
108 | Tout | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
109 | Classmates | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
110 | MyHeritage | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
111 | MocoSpace | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
112 | Ancestry.com | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Appendix D: SMPs’ primary, secondary, trivia utilities
SM sites | Primary | Secondary | Trivia |
---|---|---|---|
Connecting (7) | Multimedia (4) | Entertainment (1), Opinions (1), Profile (1), Applications (1), Privacy (1), Voting (1), News (2), Promoting (2) | |
YouTube | Multimedia (6) | Sharing (1) | – |
Multimedia (3) | Connecting (2) | Professional (1), Sharing (1), Applications (2) | |
Sharing (4) | Multimedia (2) | Connecting (1), News (1) | |
Sharing (3) | Voting (2) | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), News (1) | |
Vine | Multimedia (2) | Sharing (1) | – |
Multimedia (2), Sharing (2) | Connecting (1), News (1) | – | |
Ask.fm | Sharing (1), Connecting (1), Promoting (1) | – | – |
Tumblr | Sharing (4) | Publishing (2) | Connecting (1), Applications (1) |
Flickr | Multimedia (2), Applications (2) | Connecting (1), Professional (1), Schedule (1), Privacy (1) | – |
Google+ | Connecting (5) | Publishing (3) | Multimedia (2), Sharing (1), Profile (1), Applications (2), Privacy (2), Voting (1) |
Applications (4) | Connecting (3), Professional (3) | Profile (2), Publishing (1), Privacy (1) | |
VK | Connecting (4) | Privacy (1), Voting (1), News (1) | – |
ClassMates | Connecting (2) | Sharing (1), Schedule (1), Privacy (1) | – |
Meetup | Connecting (2) | Schedule (1) | – |
Multimedia (3) | Connecting (1) | – | |
Messenger | Multimedia (3) | Connecting (1) | – |
Snapchat | Multimedia (3) | Professional (1), Profile (1) | – |
Quora | Opinions (3) | Profile (1), Voting (1) | – |
GirlsAskGuys | Opinions (3) | Sharing (2) | Multimedia (1) |
Nextdoor | Schedule (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
ProductHunt | Professional (1), Voting (1) | – | – |
AngelList | Professional (2) | – | – |
Kickstarter | Professional (2) | – | – |
Connecting (2) | Entertainment (1) | – | |
Skype | Multimedia (3) | Connecting (1) | – |
Viber | Multimedia (3) | Connecting (1) | – |
Viadeo | Professional (3) | – | – |
Gab | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Promoting (1) | – | – |
Telegram | Connecting (4) | Applications (2) | Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Profile (1), Privacy (1), Voting (1) |
Tagged | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Myspace | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1) | – | – |
Badoo | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Stumbleupon | Sharing (1) | – | – |
Foursquare | Professional (2) | Sharing (1), Opinions (1) | – |
MeetMe | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Skyrock A192 | Publishing (1) | – | |
Pinboard | Profile (1), Promoting (1) | – | – |
Kiwibox | Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1), Publishing (1) | – | – |
Twoo | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1) | – | – |
Yelp | Opinions (2) | Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Schedule (1) | – |
Snapfish | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
Photobucket | Multimedia (2) | – | – |
Shutterfly | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
500px | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
DeviantArt | Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Dronestagram | Multimedia (1), Professional (1) | – | – |
Fotki | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
Fotolog | Multimedia (1), Publishing (1) | – | – |
Imgur | Multimedia (1), Voting (1) | – | – |
Pixabay | Multimedia (2) | – | – |
WeHeartIt | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
43Things | Sharing (1), Opinions (1), Profiling (1) | – | – |
Path | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Privacy (1) | – | – |
Uplike | Multimedia (1), Sharing (1) | – | – |
Last.fm | Entertainment (1), Opinions (1) | – | – |
Cross.tv | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Flixster | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Gaia Online | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
BlackPlanet | Connecting (3) | Publishing (1) | – |
MyMFB | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Care2 | Connecting (2) Professional (1) | – | – |
CaringBridge | Professional (3) | – | – |
GoFundMe | Professional (1) | – | – |
Tinder | Connecting (1), Sharing (1) | – | – |
Crokes | Connecting (2) | – | – |
Goodreads | Entertainment (1), Opinions (1) | – | – |
Internations | Connecting (1) | – | – |
PlentyofFish | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Minds | Professional (2) | Privacy (1) | – |
Nexopia | Opinions (2) | – | – |
Glocals | Schedule (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
Academia.edu | Professional (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
Busuu | Professional (2) | – | – |
English, baby! | Professional (2) | – | – |
Italki.com | Professional (2) | – | – |
Untappd | Opinions (2) | Multimedia (1) | – |
Doximity | Professional (1) | – | – |
Wayn | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
CouchSurfing | Entertainment (1), Schedule (1) | – | – |
TravBuddy | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Tournac | Sharing (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Cellufun | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
23andMe | Connecting (2) | Professional (1) | – |
Plurk | Connecting (1), Sharing (1), Publishing (1) | – | – |
LiveJournal | Profile (2) | Publishing (1) | – |
Sharing (2) | Publishing (1) | – | |
Qzone | Multimedia (3) | Profile (1), Publishing (1) | – |
Connecting (2), Entertainment (2) | Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Publishing (1) | – | |
Baidu | Sharing (3) | Multimedia (2) | Opinions (1) |
Line | Multimedia (4) | Connecting (3) | – |
YY | Entertainment (4) | Professional (3) | Connecting (1) |
Sprybirds | Professional (1) | – | – |
Professional (1), Opinions (1), Profile (1), Schedule (1) | – | – | |
VampireFreaks | Connecting (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
CafeMom | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Ravelry | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Sharing (1) | – | – |
ASmallWorld | Entertainment (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
ReverbNation | Entertainment (1), Profile (1) | – | – |
SoundCloud | Sharing (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Solaborate | Professional (3) | Opinions (2) | Connecting (1), Profile (1), Schedule (1), News (1) |
eToro | Professional (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
Xanga | Multimedia (3) | Publishing (2) | Connecting (1), Profile (1), Privacy (1) |
Ryze | Professional (1) | – | – |
Zynga | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Habbo | Connecting (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
FunnyOrDie | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Tout | Professional (1) | – | – |
Classmates | Connecting (2) | Schedule (1) | – |
MyHeritage | Multimedia (1), Profile (1) | – | – |
MocoSpace | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Ancestry.com | Connecting (2) | – | – |
Appendix E: Frequent itemsets (FP-growth)
Size | Support | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.473 | Connecting | – | – |
1 | 0.384 | Multimedia | – | – |
1 | 0.277 | Professional | – | – |
1 | 0.205 | Entertainment | – | – |
1 | 0.196 | Sharing | – | – |
1 | 0.134 | Profile | – | – |
1 | 0.116 | Opinions | – | – |
1 | 0.116 | Publishing | – | – |
1 | 0.089 | Privacy | – | – |
1 | 0.089 | Schedule | – | – |
1 | 0.071 | Voting | – | – |
1 | 0.062 | Applications | – | – |
1 | 0.054 | News | – | – |
1 | 0.045 | Promoting | – | – |
2 | 0.188 | Connecting | Multimedia | – |
2 | 0.107 | Connecting | Professional | – |
2 | 0.071 | Connecting | Entertainment | – |
2 | 0.098 | Connecting | Sharing | – |
2 | 0.054 | Connecting | Profile | – |
2 | 0.062 | Connecting | Publishing | – |
2 | 0.080 | Connecting | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.062 | Connecting | Schedule | – |
2 | 0.045 | Connecting | Voting | – |
2 | 0.062 | Connecting | Applications | – |
2 | 0.054 | Connecting | News | – |
2 | 0.036 | Connecting | Promoting | – |
2 | 0.071 | Multimedia | Professional | – |
2 | 0.045 | Multimedia | Entertainment | – |
2 | 0.098 | Multimedia | Sharing | – |
2 | 0.062 | Multimedia | Profile | – |
2 | 0.045 | Multimedia | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.054 | Multimedia | Publishing | – |
2 | 0.054 | Multimedia | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.045 | Multimedia | Voting | – |
2 | 0.045 | Multimedia | Applications | – |
2 | 0.036 | Multimedia | News | – |
2 | 0.027 | Professional | Sharing | – |
2 | 0.045 | Professional | Profile | – |
2 | 0.036 | Professional | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.036 | Professional | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.036 | Professional | Schedule | – |
2 | 0.036 | Professional | Applications | – |
2 | 0.027 | Entertainment | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.036 | Sharing | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.036 | Sharing | Publishing | – |
2 | 0.027 | Sharing | Applications | – |
2 | 0.027 | Sharing | News | – |
2 | 0.045 | Profile | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.045 | Profile | Publishing | – |
2 | 0.045 | Profile | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.036 | Profile | Voting | – |
2 | 0.036 | Profile | Applications | – |
2 | 0.027 | Profile | Promoting | – |
2 | 0.027 | Opinions | Schedule | – |
2 | 0.027 | Publishing | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.027 | Publishing | Applications | – |
2 | 0.036 | Privacy | Voting | – |
2 | 0.045 | Privacy | Applications | – |
2 | 0.027 | Voting | Applications | |
2 | 0.027 | Voting | News | – |
3 | 0.045 | Connecting | Multimedia | Professional |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Multimedia | Entertainment |
3 | 0.054 | Connecting | Multimedia | Sharing |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Multimedia | Profile |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Multimedia | Publishing |
3 | 0.054 | Connecting | Multimedia | Privacy |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Multimedia | Voting |
3 | 0.045 | Connecting | Multimedia | Applications |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Multimedia | News |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Professional | Profile |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Professional | Privacy |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Professional | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Sharing | Publishing |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Sharing | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Sharing | News |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Profile | Publishing |
3 | 0.045 | Connecting | Profile | Privacy |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Profile | Voting |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Profile | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Publishing | Privacy |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Publishing | Applications |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Privacy | Voting |
3 | 0.045 | Connecting | Privacy | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Voting | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Voting | News |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Professional | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Sharing | News |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Profile | Publishing |
3 | 0.036 | Multimedia | Profile | Privacy |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Profile | Voting |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Profile | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Privacy | Voting |
3 | 0.036 | Multimedia | Privacy | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Voting | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Professional | Opinions | Schedule |
3 | 0.027 | Professional | Privacy | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Profile | Publishing | Privacy |
3 | 0.027 | Profile | Privacy | Voting |
3 | 0.036 | Profile | Privacy | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Profile | Voting | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Privacy | Voting | Applications |
Appendix F: Results from clustering with DBSCAN and k-Medoids
id | Cluster0 | id | Cluster1 | id | Cluster2 | id | Cluster3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBSCAN | |||||||
1 | 2 | YouTube | 16 | 25 | |||
3 | 6 | Vine | 17 | Messenger | 46 | DevianArt | |
4 | 34 | Stumbleupon | 23 | AngelList | 58 | Flixster | |
5 | 55 | Uplike | 24 | Kickstarter | 59 | Gaia Online | |
7 | 65 | Tinder | 26 | Skype | 79 | Wayn | |
8 | Ask.fm | 97 | Ravelry | 27 | Viber | 81 | TravBuddy |
9 | Tumblr | – | – | 28 | Viadeo | 83 | Cellufun |
10 | Flickr | – | – | 31 | Tagged | 92 | YY |
11 | Google+ | – | – | 32 | Myspace | 95 | VampireFreaks |
12 | – | – | 33 | Badoo | 98 | ASmallWorld | |
13 | VK | – | – | 36 | MeetMe | 105 | Zynga |
14 | ClassMates | – | – | 40 | Twoo | 106 | Habbo |
15 | Meetup | – | – | 42 | Snapfish | 107 | FunnyOrDie |
18 | Snapchat | – | – | 43 | Photobucket | 111 | MocoSpace |
19 | Quora | – | – | 44 | Shutterfly | – | – |
20 | GirlsAskGuys | – | – | 45 | 500px | – | – |
21 | Nextdoor | – | – | 47 | Dronestagram | – | – |
22 | ProductHunt | – | – | 48 | Fotki | – | – |
29 | Gab | – | – | 51 | Pixabay | – | – |
30 | Telegram | – | – | 52 | WeHeartIt | – | – |
35 | Foursquare | – | – | 57 | Cross.tv | – | – |
37 | Skyrock A192 | – | – | 61 | MyMFB | – | – |
38 | Pinboard | – | – | 62 | Care2 | – | – |
39 | Kiwibox | – | – | 63 | CaringBridge | – | – |
41 | Yelp | – | – | 64 | GoFundMe | – | – |
49 | Fotolog | – | – | 66 | Crokes | – | – |
50 | Imgur | – | – | 68 | Internations | – | – |
53 | 43Things | – | – | 69 | PlentyofFish | – | – |
54 | Path | – | – | 73 | Academia.edu | – | – |
56 | Last.fm | – | – | 74 | Busuu | – | – |
60 | BlackPlanet | – | – | 75 | English, baby! | – | – |
67 | Goodreads | – | – | 76 | Italki.com | – | – |
70 | Minds | – | – | 78 | Doximity | – | – |
71 | Nexopia | – | – | 84 | 23andMe | – | – |
72 | Glocals | – | – | 91 | Line | – | – |
77 | Untappd | – | – | 93 | Sprybirds | – | – |
80 | CouchSurfing | – | – | 96 | CafeMom | – | – |
82 | Tournac | – | – | 102 | eToro | – | – |
85 | Plurk | – | – | 104 | Ryze | – | – |
86 | LiveJournal | – | – | 108 | Tout | – | – |
87 | – | – | 112 | Ancestry.com | – | – | |
88 | Qzone | – | – | – | – | – | – |
89 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
90 | Baidu | – | – | – | – | – | – |
94 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
99 | ReverbNation | – | – | – | – | – | – |
100 | SoundCloud | – | – | – | – | – | – |
101 | Solaborate | – | – | – | – | – | – |
103 | Xanga | – | – | – | – | – | – |
109 | Classmates | – | – | – | – | – | – |
110 | MyHeritage | – | – | – | – | – | – |
k-Medoids (k = 4) | |||||||
1 | 2 | YouTube | 10 | Flickr | 12 | ||
25 | 3 | 13 | VK | 18 | Snapchat | ||
39 | Kiwibox | 4 | 15 | Meetup | 19 | Quora | |
46 | DevianArt | 5 | 16 | 30 | Telegram | ||
56 | Last.fm | 6 | Vine | 17 | Messenger | 38 | Pinboard |
58 | Flixster | 7 | 21 | Nextdoor | 86 | LiveJournal | |
59 | Gaia Online | 8 | Ask.fm | 22 | ProductHunt | 88 | Qzone |
67 | Goodreads | 9 | Tumblr | 23 | AngelList | 94 | |
79 | Wayn | 11 | Google+ | 24 | Kickstarter | 101 | Solaborate |
80 | CouchSurfing | 14 | ClassMates | 26 | Skype | 103 | Xanga |
81 | TravBuddy | 20 | GirlsAskGuys | 27 | Viber | 110 | MyHeritage |
82 | Tournac | 34 | Stumbleupon | 28 | Viadeo | – | – |
83 | Cellufun | 35 | Foursquare | 29 | Gab | – | – |
89 | 53 | 43Things | 31 | Tagged | – | – | |
92 | YY | 55 | Uplike | 32 | Myspace | – | – |
95 | VampireFreaks | 65 | Tinder | 33 | Badoo | – | – |
98 | ASmallWorld | 85 | Plurk | 36 | MeetMe | – | – |
99 | ReverbNation | 87 | 37 | Skyrock A192 | – | – | |
100 | SoundCloud | 90 | Baidu | 40 | Twoo | – | – |
105 | Zynga | 97 | Ravelry | 41 | Yelp | – | – |
106 | Habbo | – | – | 42 | Snapfish | – | – |
107 | FunnyOrDie | – | – | 43 | Photobucket | – | – |
111 | MocoSpace | – | – | 44 | Shutterfly | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 45 | 500px | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 47 | Dronestagram | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 48 | Fotki | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 49 | Fotolog | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 50 | Imgur | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 51 | Pixabay | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 52 | WeHeartIt | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 54 | Path | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 57 | Cross.tv | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 60 | BlackPlanet | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 61 | MyMFB | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 62 | Care2 | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 63 | CaringBridge | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 64 | GoFundMe | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 66 | Crokes | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 68 | Internations | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 69 | PlentyofFish | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 70 | Minds | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 71 | Nexopia | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 72 | Glocals | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 73 | Academia.edu | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 74 | Bussu | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 75 | English, baby! | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 76 | Italki.com | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 77 | Untappd | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 78 | Doximity | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 84 | 23andMe | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 91 | Line | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 93 | Sprybirds | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 96 | CafeMom | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 102 | eToro | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 104 | Ryze | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 108 | Tout | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 109 | Classmates | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 112 | Ancestry.com | – | – |
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Koukaras, P., Tjortjis, C. & Rousidis, D. Social Media Types: introducing a data driven taxonomy. Computing 102, 295–340 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-019-00739-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-019-00739-y
Keywords
- Social Media
- Social Media Types
- Social Media Sites
- Social Media Platforms
- Social networking
- Data mining
- Clustering
- Association rules