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Social Media Types: introducing a data driven taxonomy

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Abstract

Social Media (SM) have been established as multifunctional networking tools that tend to offer an increasingly wider variety of services, making it difficult to determine their core purpose and mission, therefore, their type. This paper assesses this evolution of Social Media Types (SMTs), presents, and evaluates a novel hypothesis-based data driven methodology for analyzing Social Media Platforms (SMPs) and categorizing SMTs. We review and update literature regarding the categorization of SMPs, based on their services. We develop a methodology to propose and evaluate a new taxonomy, comprising: (i) the hypothesis that the number of SMTs is smaller than what current literature suggests, (ii) observations on data regarding SM usage and (iii) experimentation using association rules and clustering algorithms. As a result, we propose three (3) SMTs, namely Social, Entertainment and Profiling networks, typically capturing emerging SMP services. Our results show that our hypothesis is validated by implementing our methodology and we discuss threats to validity.

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Notes

  1. RapidMiner is a software suite that provides an integrated environment for data preparation, machine learning [15], deep learning, text mining [16], and predictive analytics. It supports all steps of the data mining process including data preparation, results visualization, model validation and optimization [17].

Abbreviations

SM:

Social Media

SMT:

Social Media Type

SMP:

Social Media Platform

SN:

Social Networks

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christos Tjortjis.

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Appendices

Appendix A: The complete set of 112 SM sites

SM sites

Facebook

Gab

Cross.tv

Plurk

YouTube

Telegram

Flixster

LiveJournal

Instagram

Tagged

Gaia Online

Weibo

Twitter

Myspace

BlackPlanet

Qzone

Reddit

Badoo

MyMFB

QQ

Vine

Stumbleupon

Care2

Baidu

Pinterest

Foursquare

CaringBridge

Line

Ask.fm

MeetMe

GoFundMe

YY

Tumblr

Skyrock A192

Tinder

Sprybirds

Flickr

Pinboard

Crokes

Xing

Google+

Kiwibox

Goodreads

VampireFreaks

LinkedIn

Twoo

Internations

CafeMom

VK

Yelp

PlentyofFish

Ravelry

ClassMates

Snapfish

Minds

ASmallWorld

Meetup

Photobucket

Nexopia

ReverbNation

WhatsApp

Shutterfly

Glocals

SoundCloud

Messenger

500px

Academia.edu

Solaborate

Snapchat

DeviantArt

Busuu

eToro

Quora

Dronestagram

English, baby!

Xanga

GirlsAskGuys

Fotki

Italki.com

Ryze

Nextdoor

Fotolog

Untappd

Zynga

ProductHunt

Imgur

Doximity

Habbo

AngelList

Pixabay

Wayn

FunnyOrDie

Kickstarter

WeHeartIt

CouchSurfing

Tout

WeChat

43Things

TravBuddy

Classmates

Skype

Path

Tournac

MyHeritage

Viber

Uplike

Cellufun

MocoSpace

Viadeo

Last.fm

23andMe

Ancestry.com

Appendix B: Mapping official features to utilities

Utility

Official features

Connecting

(Count = 52)

Fans, Groups, Live Chat, Pokes, Gifts, Messaging, Explore, Instagram Direct, Direct Messaging, Discussion Website, Exploring, Profiles, Messaging to Blogs, Accounts, User Profiles, Circles, Communities, Collections, Emails, User Profile Network, Influencers, Synchronization with Other Social Networks, SMS Service, Members, Neighbors, Chatting, Drafts, Secret chats, Voice Calls, Bands, Dating, Mothers, Weaving, Christian, Talent, Muslims, Activists, Political, Authors, Expats, Follow, Teenagers, Celebrities, Relatives, User Groups, Messages, Group and Voice Chat, Video conferences, Conversations, Chat features

Multimedia

(Count = 29)

Photos, Videos, Text, Upload and download options for Photos, Playback Upload Quality and formats, Live Streaming, 3D Videos, 360o Videos, Images, Live Videos, Photographic Filters, Record Short Video Clips, Ability To “Revine” Videos on A Personal Stream, Stream, Photography, Voice, Image Filters, Short videos, Gab, Cloud-Based Messages, Audio, Files, Musicians, Crocheting, Photoblog, VideoBlog, AudioBlog, Pictures

Professional

(Count = 36)

Monetization, Licensing, Job Listings, Online Recruiting, For-Pay Research, Snapcash, Products, Startups, Investors, Funding, Channels, Enterprises, Purchases, Home Services, Drones, Knitting, Environmental, Treatments, Medical, Illness, Funding, Rewards, Academics, Papers, Teaching, Language, Health, Business, Promoting, Companies, Technology, Trading, Stock offering, Virtual Currency, Video Streaming for money, Video tutorials for money

Sharing

(Count = 23)

Post Text, Instagram Stories, Tweet, Retweet, Links, Hashtags, Sharing Content, Protected Posts, Pins, Boards, Send Questions, Queue, Tags, Questions, What’s Hot, Post to And Read Community Boards, Post, Content Discovery, Location, Inspiration, Spinning, Sharing, Posting, Quoting

Entertainment

(Count = 17)

Games, Shopping, Gaming, Art, Music, Culture, Travel, Luxury, Movies, Animes, Books, Comedy, Online Social Gaming, Gamers, Concerts, Fashion, Sports

Opinions

(Count = 15)

Polls, Answers, Suggest Edits, Feeds, Recommendations, Reviews, Advice, Recommendation, Discussions, Forums, Opinions, Reviews, Discussion forums,

Profile

(Count = 13)

Wall, Calendar, Embedded in Profile, Skills, Memories, Bookmarking, Goals, Career, Records, Professional Profiles, Profile, Journals, Diaries

Publishing

(Count = 11)

Dashboard (Blog Posts), Google+ Page, Locations, Google Local, Publishing Platform, Blog, Blogging, Weblog, Pulse, Blogs, Microblogging

Applications

(Count = 15)

Apps, Stand-alone Apps, Third-party Services, HTML editing, Interaction and compatibility, Filtering, Additional features, Deprecated Features, Applications, External, Third Party Applications, Mobile, SMS, Bots, third party development

Schedule

(Count = 8)

Organization,

View Information About Upcoming Reunions, Organize Meetups, Events, Activities, Planning, Event, Event coordination

Privacy

(Count = 6)

Classified section, Access control, Identity Service, Privacy, Security and Technology, Enhanced Privacy

Voting

(Count = 7)

Likes, Web Content Rating, Voting, +1 Button, Like Buttons, Upvote/Downvote, Stickers

News

(Count = 7)

News Feed, Status, Follow People and Trending Topics, Social News Aggregation, Following, News, Tech News

Promoting

(Count = 4)

Fan Pages, Links, Advertising, Ad-Free

Appendix C: Utility occurrences on the SM dataset

No.

SM sites

Connecting

Multimedia

Professional

Sharing

Entertainment

Opinions

Profile

Publishing

Applications

Schedule

Privacy

Voting

News

Promoting

1

Facebook

7

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

YouTube

6

1

3

Instagram

2

3

1

1

2

4

Twitter

1

2

4

1

5

Reddit

1

1

3

2

1

6

Vine

2

1

7

Pinterest

1

2

2

1

 

8

Ask.fm

1

1

1

9

Tumblr

1

4

2

1

 

10

Flickr

1

2

1

2

1

1

11

Google+

5

2

1

1

3

2

2

1

12

LinkedIn

3

3

2

1

4

1

1

13

VK

4

1

1

1

14

ClassMates

2

1

1

1

15

Meetup

2

1

16

WhatsApp

1

3

17

Messenger

1

3

18

Snapchat

3

1

1

19

Quora

3

1

1

20

GirlsAskGuys

1

2

3

21

Nextdoor

1

2

22

ProductHunt

1

1

23

AngelList

2

24

Kickstarter

2

25

WeChat

2

1

26

Skype

1

3

27

Viber

1

3

28

Viadeo

3

29

Gab

1

1

1

30

Telegram

4

1

1

1

2

1

1

31

Tagged

1

 

32

Myspace

1

1

33

Badoo

1

34

Stumbleupon

1

35

Foursquare

2

1

 

1

36

MeetMe

1

37

Skyrock A192

1

38

Pinboard

1

1

39

Kiwibox

1

1

1

40

Twoo

1

1

41

Yelp

1

1

2

1

42

Snapfish

1

43

Photobucket

2

44

Shutterfly

1

45

500px

1

46

DeviantArt

1

1

47

Dronestagram

1

1

48

Fotki

1

49

Fotolog

1

1

50

Imgur

1

1

51

Pixabay

2

52

WeHeartIt

1

53

43Things

1

1

1

54

Path

1

1

1

55

Uplike

1

1

56

Last.fm

1

1

57

Cross.tv

1

58

Flixster

1

59

Gaia Online

1

60

BlackPlanet

3

1

61

MyMFB

1

62

Care2

2

1

63

CaringBridge

3

64

GoFundMe

1

65

Tinder

1

1

  

66

Crokes

2

67

Goodreads

1

1

68

Internations

1

69

PlentyofFish

1

70

Minds

2

1

71

Nexopia

2

72

Glocals

1

2

73

Academia.edu

1

2

74

Busuu

2

75

English, baby!

2

76

Italki.com

2

77

Untappd

1

2

78

Doximity

1

79

Wayn

1

80

CouchSurfing

1

1

81

TravBuddy

1

82

Tournac

1

1

83

Cellufun

 

1

84

23andMe

2

1

85

Plurk

1

1

1

86

LiveJournal

2

1

87

Weibo

2

1

88

Qzone

3

1

1

89

QQ

2

1

1

2

1

90

Baidu

2

3

1

91

Line

3

4

92

YY

1

3

4

93

Sprybirds

1

94

Xing

1

1

1

1

95

VampireFreaks

1

1

96

CafeMom

1

97

Ravelry

1

1

1

1

98

ASmallWorld

1

2

99

ReverbNation

1

1

100

SoundCloud

1

1

101

Solaborate

1

3

2

1

1

1

102

eToro

1

2

103

Xanga

1

3

1

2

1

104

Ryze

1

105

Zynga

1

106

Habbo

1

1

107

FunnyOrDie

1

1

1

108

Tout

1

109

Classmates

2

1

110

MyHeritage

1

1

111

MocoSpace

1

112

Ancestry.com

2

Appendix D: SMPs’ primary, secondary, trivia utilities

SM sites

Primary

Secondary

Trivia

Facebook

Connecting (7)

Multimedia (4)

Entertainment (1), Opinions (1), Profile (1), Applications (1), Privacy (1), Voting (1), News (2), Promoting (2)

YouTube

Multimedia (6)

Sharing (1)

Instagram

Multimedia (3)

Connecting (2)

Professional (1), Sharing (1), Applications (2)

Twitter

Sharing (4)

Multimedia (2)

Connecting (1), News (1)

Reddit

Sharing (3)

Voting (2)

Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), News (1)

Vine

Multimedia (2)

Sharing (1)

Pinterest

Multimedia (2), Sharing (2)

Connecting (1), News (1)

Ask.fm

Sharing (1), Connecting (1), Promoting (1)

Tumblr

Sharing (4)

Publishing (2)

Connecting (1), Applications (1)

Flickr

Multimedia (2), Applications (2)

Connecting (1), Professional (1), Schedule (1), Privacy (1)

Google+

Connecting (5)

Publishing (3)

Multimedia (2), Sharing (1), Profile (1), Applications (2), Privacy (2), Voting (1)

LinkedIn

Applications (4)

Connecting (3), Professional (3)

Profile (2), Publishing (1), Privacy (1)

VK

Connecting (4)

Privacy (1), Voting (1), News (1)

ClassMates

Connecting (2)

Sharing (1), Schedule (1), Privacy (1)

Meetup

Connecting (2)

Schedule (1)

WhatsApp

Multimedia (3)

Connecting (1)

Messenger

Multimedia (3)

Connecting (1)

Snapchat

Multimedia (3)

Professional (1), Profile (1)

Quora

Opinions (3)

Profile (1), Voting (1)

GirlsAskGuys

Opinions (3)

Sharing (2)

Multimedia (1)

Nextdoor

Schedule (2)

Connecting (1)

ProductHunt

Professional (1), Voting (1)

AngelList

Professional (2)

Kickstarter

Professional (2)

WeChat

Connecting (2)

Entertainment (1)

Skype

Multimedia (3)

Connecting (1)

Viber

Multimedia (3)

Connecting (1)

Viadeo

Professional (3)

Gab

Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Promoting (1)

Telegram

Connecting (4)

Applications (2)

Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Profile (1), Privacy (1), Voting (1)

Tagged

Connecting (1)

Myspace

Connecting (1), Multimedia (1)

Badoo

Connecting (1)

Stumbleupon

Sharing (1)

Foursquare

Professional (2)

Sharing (1), Opinions (1)

MeetMe

Connecting (1)

Skyrock A192

Publishing (1)

 

Pinboard

Profile (1), Promoting (1)

Kiwibox

Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1), Publishing (1)

Twoo

Connecting (1), Multimedia (1)

Yelp

Opinions (2)

Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Schedule (1)

Snapfish

Multimedia (1)

Photobucket

Multimedia (2)

Shutterfly

Multimedia (1)

500px

Multimedia (1)

DeviantArt

Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1)

Dronestagram

Multimedia (1), Professional (1)

Fotki

Multimedia (1)

Fotolog

Multimedia (1), Publishing (1)

Imgur

Multimedia (1), Voting (1)

Pixabay

Multimedia (2)

WeHeartIt

Multimedia (1)

43Things

Sharing (1), Opinions (1), Profiling (1)

Path

Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Privacy (1)

Uplike

Multimedia (1), Sharing (1)

Last.fm

Entertainment (1), Opinions (1)

Cross.tv

Connecting (1)

Flixster

Entertainment (1)

Gaia Online

Entertainment (1)

BlackPlanet

Connecting (3)

Publishing (1)

MyMFB

Connecting (1)

Care2

Connecting (2) Professional (1)

CaringBridge

Professional (3)

GoFundMe

Professional (1)

Tinder

Connecting (1), Sharing (1)

Crokes

Connecting (2)

Goodreads

Entertainment (1), Opinions (1)

Internations

Connecting (1)

PlentyofFish

Connecting (1)

Minds

Professional (2)

Privacy (1)

Nexopia

Opinions (2)

Glocals

Schedule (2)

Connecting (1)

Academia.edu

Professional (2)

Connecting (1)

Busuu

Professional (2)

English, baby!

Professional (2)

Italki.com

Professional (2)

Untappd

Opinions (2)

Multimedia (1)

Doximity

Professional (1)

Wayn

Entertainment (1)

CouchSurfing

Entertainment (1), Schedule (1)

TravBuddy

Entertainment (1)

Tournac

Sharing (1), Entertainment (1)

Cellufun

Entertainment (1)

23andMe

Connecting (2)

Professional (1)

Plurk

Connecting (1), Sharing (1), Publishing (1)

LiveJournal

Profile (2)

Publishing (1)

Weibo

Sharing (2)

Publishing (1)

Qzone

Multimedia (3)

Profile (1), Publishing (1)

QQ

Connecting (2), Entertainment (2)

Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Publishing (1)

Baidu

Sharing (3)

Multimedia (2)

Opinions (1)

Line

Multimedia (4)

Connecting (3)

YY

Entertainment (4)

Professional (3)

Connecting (1)

Sprybirds

Professional (1)

Xing

Professional (1), Opinions (1), Profile (1), Schedule (1)

VampireFreaks

Connecting (1), Entertainment (1)

CafeMom

Connecting (1)

Ravelry

Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Sharing (1)

ASmallWorld

Entertainment (2)

Connecting (1)

ReverbNation

Entertainment (1), Profile (1)

SoundCloud

Sharing (1), Entertainment (1)

Solaborate

Professional (3)

Opinions (2)

Connecting (1), Profile (1), Schedule (1), News (1)

eToro

Professional (2)

Connecting (1)

Xanga

Multimedia (3)

Publishing (2)

Connecting (1), Profile (1), Privacy (1)

Ryze

Professional (1)

Zynga

Entertainment (1)

Habbo

Connecting (1), Entertainment (1)

FunnyOrDie

Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1)

Tout

Professional (1)

Classmates

Connecting (2)

Schedule (1)

MyHeritage

Multimedia (1), Profile (1)

MocoSpace

Entertainment (1)

Ancestry.com

Connecting (2)

Appendix E: Frequent itemsets (FP-growth)

Size

Support

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

1

0.473

Connecting

1

0.384

Multimedia

1

0.277

Professional

1

0.205

Entertainment

1

0.196

Sharing

1

0.134

Profile

1

0.116

Opinions

1

0.116

Publishing

1

0.089

Privacy

1

0.089

Schedule

1

0.071

Voting

1

0.062

Applications

1

0.054

News

1

0.045

Promoting

2

0.188

Connecting

Multimedia

2

0.107

Connecting

Professional

2

0.071

Connecting

Entertainment

2

0.098

Connecting

Sharing

2

0.054

Connecting

Profile

2

0.062

Connecting

Publishing

2

0.080

Connecting

Privacy

2

0.062

Connecting

Schedule

2

0.045

Connecting

Voting

2

0.062

Connecting

Applications

2

0.054

Connecting

News

2

0.036

Connecting

Promoting

2

0.071

Multimedia

Professional

2

0.045

Multimedia

Entertainment

2

0.098

Multimedia

Sharing

2

0.062

Multimedia

Profile

2

0.045

Multimedia

Opinions

2

0.054

Multimedia

Publishing

2

0.054

Multimedia

Privacy

2

0.045

Multimedia

Voting

2

0.045

Multimedia

Applications

2

0.036

Multimedia

News

2

0.027

Professional

Sharing

2

0.045

Professional

Profile

2

0.036

Professional

Opinions

2

0.036

Professional

Privacy

2

0.036

Professional

Schedule

2

0.036

Professional

Applications

2

0.027

Entertainment

Opinions

2

0.036

Sharing

Opinions

2

0.036

Sharing

Publishing

2

0.027

Sharing

Applications

2

0.027

Sharing

News

2

0.045

Profile

Opinions

2

0.045

Profile

Publishing

2

0.045

Profile

Privacy

2

0.036

Profile

Voting

2

0.036

Profile

Applications

2

0.027

Profile

Promoting

2

0.027

Opinions

Schedule

2

0.027

Publishing

Privacy

2

0.027

Publishing

Applications

2

0.036

Privacy

Voting

2

0.045

Privacy

Applications

2

0.027

Voting

Applications

 

2

0.027

Voting

News

3

0.045

Connecting

Multimedia

Professional

3

0.027

Connecting

Multimedia

Entertainment

3

0.054

Connecting

Multimedia

Sharing

3

0.036

Connecting

Multimedia

Profile

3

0.027

Connecting

Multimedia

Publishing

3

0.054

Connecting

Multimedia

Privacy

3

0.036

Connecting

Multimedia

Voting

3

0.045

Connecting

Multimedia

Applications

3

0.036

Connecting

Multimedia

News

3

0.027

Connecting

Professional

Profile

3

0.027

Connecting

Professional

Privacy

3

0.036

Connecting

Professional

Applications

3

0.027

Connecting

Sharing

Publishing

3

0.027

Connecting

Sharing

Applications

3

0.027

Connecting

Sharing

News

3

0.027

Connecting

Profile

Publishing

3

0.045

Connecting

Profile

Privacy

3

0.027

Connecting

Profile

Voting

3

0.036

Connecting

Profile

Applications

3

0.027

Connecting

Publishing

Privacy

3

0.027

Connecting

Publishing

Applications

3

0.036

Connecting

Privacy

Voting

3

0.045

Connecting

Privacy

Applications

3

0.027

Connecting

Voting

Applications

3

0.027

Connecting

Voting

News

3

0.027

Multimedia

Professional

Applications

3

0.027

Multimedia

Sharing

News

3

0.027

Multimedia

Profile

Publishing

3

0.036

Multimedia

Profile

Privacy

3

0.027

Multimedia

Profile

Voting

3

0.027

Multimedia

Profile

Applications

3

0.027

Multimedia

Privacy

Voting

3

0.036

Multimedia

Privacy

Applications

3

0.027

Multimedia

Voting

Applications

3

0.027

Professional

Opinions

Schedule

3

0.027

Professional

Privacy

Applications

3

0.027

Profile

Publishing

Privacy

3

0.027

Profile

Privacy

Voting

3

0.036

Profile

Privacy

Applications

3

0.027

Profile

Voting

Applications

3

0.027

Privacy

Voting

Applications

Appendix F: Results from clustering with DBSCAN and k-Medoids

id

Cluster0

id

Cluster1

id

Cluster2

id

Cluster3

DBSCAN

1

Facebook

2

YouTube

16

WhatsApp

25

WeChat

3

Instagram

6

Vine

17

Messenger

46

DevianArt

4

Twitter

34

Stumbleupon

23

AngelList

58

Flixster

5

Reddit

55

Uplike

24

Kickstarter

59

Gaia Online

7

Pinterest

65

Tinder

26

Skype

79

Wayn

8

Ask.fm

97

Ravelry

27

Viber

81

TravBuddy

9

Tumblr

28

Viadeo

83

Cellufun

10

Flickr

31

Tagged

92

YY

11

Google+

32

Myspace

95

VampireFreaks

12

LinkedIn

33

Badoo

98

ASmallWorld

13

VK

36

MeetMe

105

Zynga

14

ClassMates

40

Twoo

106

Habbo

15

Meetup

42

Snapfish

107

FunnyOrDie

18

Snapchat

43

Photobucket

111

MocoSpace

19

Quora

44

Shutterfly

20

GirlsAskGuys

45

500px

21

Nextdoor

47

Dronestagram

22

ProductHunt

48

Fotki

29

Gab

51

Pixabay

30

Telegram

52

WeHeartIt

35

Foursquare

57

Cross.tv

37

Skyrock A192

61

MyMFB

38

Pinboard

62

Care2

39

Kiwibox

63

CaringBridge

41

Yelp

64

GoFundMe

49

Fotolog

66

Crokes

50

Imgur

68

Internations

53

43Things

69

PlentyofFish

54

Path

73

Academia.edu

56

Last.fm

74

Busuu

60

BlackPlanet

75

English, baby!

67

Goodreads

76

Italki.com

70

Minds

78

Doximity

71

Nexopia

84

23andMe

72

Glocals

91

Line

77

Untappd

93

Sprybirds

80

CouchSurfing

96

CafeMom

82

Tournac

102

eToro

85

Plurk

104

Ryze

86

LiveJournal

108

Tout

87

Weibo

112

Ancestry.com

88

Qzone

89

QQ

90

Baidu

94

Xing

99

ReverbNation

100

SoundCloud

101

Solaborate

103

Xanga

109

Classmates

110

MyHeritage

k-Medoids (k = 4)

1

Facebook

2

YouTube

10

Flickr

12

LinkedIn

25

WeChat

3

Instagram

13

VK

18

Snapchat

39

Kiwibox

4

Twitter

15

Meetup

19

Quora

46

DevianArt

5

Reddit

16

WhatsApp

30

Telegram

56

Last.fm

6

Vine

17

Messenger

38

Pinboard

58

Flixster

7

Pinterest

21

Nextdoor

86

LiveJournal

59

Gaia Online

8

Ask.fm

22

ProductHunt

88

Qzone

67

Goodreads

9

Tumblr

23

AngelList

94

Xing

79

Wayn

11

Google+

24

Kickstarter

101

Solaborate

80

CouchSurfing

14

ClassMates

26

Skype

103

Xanga

81

TravBuddy

20

GirlsAskGuys

27

Viber

110

MyHeritage

82

Tournac

34

Stumbleupon

28

Viadeo

83

Cellufun

35

Foursquare

29

Gab

89

QQ

53

43Things

31

Tagged

92

YY

55

Uplike

32

Myspace

95

VampireFreaks

65

Tinder

33

Badoo

98

ASmallWorld

85

Plurk

36

MeetMe

99

ReverbNation

87

Weibo

37

Skyrock A192

100

SoundCloud

90

Baidu

40

Twoo

105

Zynga

97

Ravelry

41

Yelp

106

Habbo

42

Snapfish

107

FunnyOrDie

43

Photobucket

111

MocoSpace

44

Shutterfly

45

500px

47

Dronestagram

48

Fotki

49

Fotolog

50

Imgur

51

Pixabay

52

WeHeartIt

54

Path

57

Cross.tv

60

BlackPlanet

61

MyMFB

62

Care2

63

CaringBridge

64

GoFundMe

66

Crokes

68

Internations

69

PlentyofFish

70

Minds

71

Nexopia

72

Glocals

73

Academia.edu

74

Bussu

75

English, baby!

76

Italki.com

77

Untappd

78

Doximity

84

23andMe

91

Line

93

Sprybirds

96

CafeMom

102

eToro

104

Ryze

108

Tout

109

Classmates

112

Ancestry.com

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Koukaras, P., Tjortjis, C. & Rousidis, D. Social Media Types: introducing a data driven taxonomy. Computing 102, 295–340 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-019-00739-y

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