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RES-CapsNet: an improved capsule network for micro-expression recognition

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Abstract

Micro-expression is a type of facial expression that reveals the deepest feeling held within the human heart. Despite the substantial improvement that has been achieved, micro-expression recognition remains a significant challenge considering its low intensity and short duration. In this paper, we investigate the recognition of micro-expression using deep learning techniques and present the RES-CapsNet, which is an improved capsule network that employs Res2Net as the backbone to extract multi-level and multi-scale characteristics. Furthermore, RES-CapsNet adds a squeeze-excitation (SE) block to the primary capsule layer (PrimaryCaps). Benefiting from a SE block, the valuable micro-expression features are highlighted and the useless ones are suppressed. In addition, between the first convolutional layer and the PrimaryCaps in RES-CapsNet, we introduce an effective channel attention (ECA) module that simply includes a few parameters while dramatically improving the performance. The proposed architecture initially obtains apex frames from the micro-expression sequence to capture the most distinct facial muscle movements and then feeds the pre-processed images into RES-CapsNet for further feature extraction and classification. The Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO) cross-validation strategy is implemented on three prevalent spontaneous micro-expression databases (i.e., CASME II, SMIC, and SAMM) to assess the feasibility of our RES-CapsNet. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our RES-CapsNet describes considerable details of micro-expression effectively and achieves superiorly higher performance than the baseline CapsuleNet.

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Data availability

The datasets used in our paper (CASME II, SAMM, and SMIC) are publicly available.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62276118.

Funding

The National Natural Science Foundation of China, 62276118, 62276118, 62276118.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China

    Xin Shu, Jia Li, Liang Shi & Shucheng Huang

  2. School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China

    Liang Shi

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  1. Xin Shu
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  2. Jia Li
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  4. Shucheng Huang
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Contributions

XS: Supervision, Writing—review and editing, Investigation. JL: Writing—original draft, Software, Methodology. LS: Conceptualization, Validation. SH: Data curation, Resources, Validation.

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Shu, X., Li, J., Shi, L. et al. RES-CapsNet: an improved capsule network for micro-expression recognition. Multimedia Systems 29, 1593–1601 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-023-01068-z

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