Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that extratropical forcing can lead to changes in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Based on reanalysis data from 1979 to 2019, this paper discusses the influence of the South Pacific Ocean Dipole (SPOD, a dominant mode between the subtropics and extratropics in the South Pacific) and its coordination with ENSO in the ITCZ. Results show that SPOD has an effect on the position and intensity of the ITCZ, especially in the region around Niño4. From the latitudes of ITCZ axes and precipitation averaged over 160°E–160°W, positive (negative) SPOD events force a northward (southward) shift in the ITCZ in boreal winter (DJF), while the position moves in the opposite direction in boreal summer (JJA). In addition, ENSO can obviously enhance the influence of SPOD on the ITCZ. It is evident that there is a wider range of northward (southward) shift in the ITCZ under both positive SPOD and El Niño (negative SPOD and La Niña) conditions during DJF. Similar to DJF, both positive SPOD and El Niño (negative SPOD and La Niña) events still cause the ITCZ to move toward (away from) the equator during JJA, except that the magnitude of the movement in JJA is less than that in DJF. Precipitation averaged over 160°E–160°W is at a maximum under both positive SPOD and El Niño events, which have the greatest influence on ITCZ intensity, followed by both negative SPOD and La Niña in DJF, while in JJA, ITCZ intensity is most sensitive to negative SPOD events.
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taken from NOAA (Interpolated OLR) and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (surface wind) during 1979–2019
taken from CMAP (precipitation) and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (surface wind) during 1979–2019
taken from ERSSTv5 during 1979–2019
taken from CMAP during 1979–2019
taken from CMAP (precipitation) and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (surface wind) during 1979–2019
taken from CMAP (precipitation) and ERSSTv5 (SST) during 1979–2019
taken from CMAP during 1979–2019
taken from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 during 1979–2019
taken from CMAP during 1979–2019
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Data Availability
The extended reconstruction of the monthly mean global SST analysis (ERSST, version 5 (ERSSTv5) are available online (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.ersst.v5.html), the monthly data from the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) can be obtained from (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cmap.html). Monthly mean satellite-based Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) observations are obtained from (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.olrcdr.interp.html). The atmospheric monthly mean data for the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (hereafter NCEP/NCAR) are from (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html).
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Acknowledgements
YG is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41975087, 41975085), WZ is supported by the International Cooperation and Exchange Programme of National Natural Science Foundation of China (42120104001) and the Hong Kong RGC General Fund (11300920), and XJ is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41575090). We acknowledge the CMAP Precipitation, OLR, NCEP Reanalysis data provided by NOAA, and the High Performance Computing Center of the Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology for their support of this work.
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Guan, Y., Zhou, W., Jia, X. et al. The synergistic impact of SPOD and ENSO on ITCZ: observation study. Clim Dyn 60, 1297–1311 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06335-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06335-9