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Climate links and recent extremes in antarctic sea ice, high-latitude cyclones, Southern Annular Mode and ENSO

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Abstract

In this article, we study the climate link between the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the southern sea-ice extent (SIE), and discuss the possible role of stationary waves and synoptic eddies in establishing this link. In doing so, we have used a combination of techniques involving spatial correlations of SIE, eddy streamfunction and wind anomalies, and statistics of high-latitude cyclone strength. It is suggested that stationary waves may be amplified by eddy anomalies associated with high latitude cyclones, resulting in more sea ice when the SAM is in its positive phase for most, but not all, longitudes. A similar association is observed during ENSO (La Niña years). Although this synergy in the SAM/ENSO response may partially reflect preferential areas for wave amplification around Antarctica, the short extent of the climate records does not allow for a definite causality connection to be established with SIE. Stronger polar cyclones are observed over the areas where the stationary waves are amplified. These deeper cyclones will break up and export ice equatorward more efficiently, but the near-coastal regions are cold enough to allow for a rapid re-freeze of the resulting ice break-up. We speculate that if global warming continues this same effect could help reverse the current (positive) Antarctic SIE trends once the ice gets thinner, similarly to what has been observed in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Australian Research Council and the Antarctic Science Advisory Committee for funding parts of this work. We thank Drs. Matthew Wheeler, James Screen and Petteri Uotila for invaluable comments on an early version of this manuscript. We also thank the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and Dr. Phil Reid for making their data and analyses publicly available. Comments by two anonymous reviewers contributed to further improve this text.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Alexandre Bernardes Pezza & Ian Simmonds

  2. Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology), Private Bag 1, Melbourne, VIC, 3195, Australia

    Harun A. Rashid

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  1. Alexandre Bernardes Pezza
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Correspondence to Alexandre Bernardes Pezza.

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Pezza, A.B., Rashid, H.A. & Simmonds, I. Climate links and recent extremes in antarctic sea ice, high-latitude cyclones, Southern Annular Mode and ENSO. Clim Dyn 38, 57–73 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1044-y

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