Abstract
This paper presents a method for simultaneous tracking of multiple sperms using modified Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (GM-PHD) filter. In order to track sperms with spurious motion, a modified model is presented to adapt the GM-PHD filter for nonlinear dynamic movement of sperms. Furthermore, the “pruning” step in the GM-PHD filter is modified to handle situations like occlusion or closely moving targets. Our experiments demonstrate more effectivity of the proposed method in terms of sperms’ occlusion handling and trajectory extraction compared to the conventional GM-PHD filter. In particular, the new method performs well in managing the labels of occluded sperms after separation and in tracking of temporarily disappeared sperms when they emerge again in the tracking space.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
30 January 2018
In the original article, one of the co-author’s (Hamed Danandeh Hesar) first name has been published incorrectly. The correct given name should be Hamed.
Notes
Multiple Hypothesis Tracking.
References
Guzick, D.S., Overstreet, J.W., Factor-Litvak, P., Brazil, C.K., Nakajima, S.T., Coutifaris, C., et al.: Sperm morphology, motility, and concentration in fertile and infertile men. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 1388–1393 (2001)
Organization, W.H.: WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-cervical Mucus Interaction, vol. 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1992)
Hirano, Y., Shibahara, H., Obara, H., Suzuki, T., Takamizawa, S., Yamaguchi, C., et al.: ANDROLOGY: relationships between sperm motility characteristics assessed by the computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) and fertilization rates in vitro. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 18, 215–220 (2001)
Sharon, M., David, M., Lynn, F.: Guidelines on the application of CASA technology in the analysis of spermatozoa. ESHRE andrology special interest group. European Society for Human reproduction and embryology. Hum. Reprod. 13, 142–145 (1998)
Tomlinson, M.J., Pooley, K., Simpson, T., Newton, T., Hopkisson, J., Jayaprakasan, K., et al.: Validation of a novel computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system using multitarget-tracking algorithms. Fertil. Steril. 93, 1911–1920 (2010)
Sørensen, L., Østergaard, J., Johansen, P., de Bruijne, M.: Multi-object tracking of human spermatozoa. In: Proceedings SPIE, Medical Imaging: Image Processing, 2008, vol. 6914, p. 69142C (2008)
Pascual-Gaspar, J., Olmedo, H., Exposito, A., Exposito, A., Finat, J.: A simple and effective system for computer-assisted semen analysis. In: 4th IET International Conference on Advances in Medical, Signal and Information Processing - MEDSIP 2008, Santa Margherita Ligure, 2008, pp. 1–4 (2008)
Shi, L.Z., Nascimento, J.M., Chandsawangbhuwana, C., Botvinick, E.L., Berns, M.W.: An automatic system to study sperm motility and energetics. Biomed. Microdevices 10, 573–583 (2008)
Nafisi, V.R., Moradi, M.H., Nasr-Esfahani, M.H.: A template matching algorithm for sperm tracking and classification. Physiol. Meas. 26, 639 (2005)
Mahler, R.P.: Multitarget Bayes filtering via first-order multitarget moments. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 39, 1152–1178 (2003)
Vo, B.-N., Ma, W.-K.: The Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density filter. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 54, 4091–4104 (2006)
Clark, D., Vo, B.-T., Vo, B.-N.: Gaussian particle implementations of probability hypothesis density filters. In: Aerospace Conference. IEEE 2007, pp. 1–11 (2007)
Panta, K., Clark, D.E., Vo, B.-N.: Data association and track management for the Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density filter. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 45, 1003–1016 (2009)
Eiselein, V., Arp, D., Pätzold, M., Sikora, T.: Real-time multi-human tracking using a probability hypothesis density filter and multiple detectors. In: 2012 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal-Based Surveillance (AVSS), pp. 325–330 (2012)
Yazdian-Dehkordi, M., Azimifar, Z., Masnadi-Shirazi, M.: Competitive Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density filter for multiple target tracking in the presence of ambiguity and occlusion. IET Radar Sonar Navig. 6, 251–262 (2012)
Eiselein, V., Senst, T., Keller, I., Sikora, T.: A motion-enhanced hybrid probability hypothesis density filter for real-time multi-human tracking in video surveillance scenarios. In: 2013 IEEE International Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Tracking and Surveillance (PETS), pp. 6–13 (2013)
Si, W., Wang, L., Qu, Z.: Multi-target tracking using an improved Gaussian mixture CPHD filter. Sensors 16, 1964 (2016)
Reid, D.: An algorithm for tracking multiple targets. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 24, 843–854 (1979)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The original version of this article was revised: one of the co-author’s (Hamed Danandeh Hesar) first name has been published incorrectly.
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-018-0910-6.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hesar, H.D., Abrishami Moghaddam, H., Safari, A. et al. Multiple sperm tracking in microscopic videos using modified GM-PHD filter. Machine Vision and Applications 29, 433–451 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-017-0897-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-017-0897-4