Providing machine tractable dictionary tools

• Alshawi, Hiyan. 1987. Processing Dictionary Definitions with Phrasal Pattern Hierarchies. Computational Linguistics, 13: 203–218.

  Google Scholar 

• Alshawi, H., B. Boguraev and T. Briscoe. 1985. Towards a Dictionary Support Environment for Real Time Parsing. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Computational Linguistics, Geneva, 171–178.

• Amsler, R.A. 1980. The Structure of the Merriam-Webster Pocket Dictionary. Technical Report TR-164, University of Texas at Austin.

• Amsler, R.A. 1981. A Taxonomy of English Nouns and Verbs. Proceedings of Acl-19, Stanford, 133–138.

• Amsler, R.A. 1982. Computational Lexicology: A Research Program. AFIPS Conference Proceedings, 1982 National Computer Conference, 657–663.

• Amsler, R.A., and J.S. White. 1979. Development of a Computational Methodology for Deriving Natural language Semantic Structures via Analysis of Machine-Readable Dictionaries. NSF Technical Report MCS77-01315.

• Binot, J.-L., and K. Jensen. 1987. A Semantic Expert Using an Online Standard Dictionary. Proceedings of Ijcai-87, Milan, 709–714.

• Boguraev, B.K. 1987. The Definitional Power of Words. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (Tinlap-3), Las Cruces, 11–15.

• Boguraev, B.K., and T. Briscoe. 1987. Large Lexicons for Natural Language Processing: Exploring the Grammar Coding System of Ldoce. Computational Linguistics 13: 203–218.

  Google Scholar 

• Boguraev, B.K., T. Briscoe, J. Carroll, D. Carter and C. Grover. 1987. The Derivation of a Grammatically Indexed Lexicon from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Proceedings of Acl-25, Stanford, 193–200.

• Byrd, R.J. 1989. Discovering Relationships Among Word Senses. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the UW Centre for the New Oed (Dictionaries in the Electronic Age). Oxford, 67–79.

• Carre, B. 1979. Graphs and Networks. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

  Google Scholar 

• Chodorow, M.S., R.J. Byrd and G.E. Heidorn. 1985. Extracting Semantic Hierarchies from a Large On-Line Dictionary. In Proceedings of Acl-23, Chicago, 299–304.

• Cottrell, G.W., and S.L. Small. 1983. A Connectionist Scheme for Modelling Word-Sense Disambiguation. Cognition and Brain Theory 6: 89–120.

  Google Scholar 

• Dietterich, T.G., and R. Michalski. 1981. Inductive Learning of Structural Descriptions. Artificial Intelligence 16: 257–294.

  Google Scholar 

• Evens, M., and R.N. Smith. 1983. Determination of Adverbial Senses from Webster's Seventh Collegiate Definitions. Paper presented at Workshop on Machine Readable Dictionaries, SRI-International, April 1983.

• Fass, D.C. (1986. Collative Semantics: An Approach to Coherence. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-86-56, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.

  Google Scholar 

• Fass, D.C. (1988a). Collative Semantics: A Semantics for Natural Language Processing. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-88-118, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.

  Google Scholar 

• Fass, D.C. 1988b. Metonymy and Metaphor: What's the Difference? In Proceedings of Coling-88, Budapest, 177–181.

• Fass, D.C. 1988c. An Account of Coherence, Semantic Relations, Metonymy, and Lexical Ambiguity Resolution. In S.L. Small, G.W. Cottrell and M.K. Tanenhaus (Eds., Lexical Ambiguity Resolution in the Comprehension of Human Language. Los Altos: Morgan Kaufmann, 151–178.

  Google Scholar 

• Fass, D.C., and Y.A. Wilks. 1983. Preference Semantics, Ill-Formedness and Metaphor. American Journal of Computational Linguistics 9: 178–187.

  Google Scholar 

• Guo, C. 1987. Interactive Vocabulary Acquisition in Xtra. In Proceedings of Ijcai-87, Milan, 715–717.

• Harary, F. 1969. Graph Theory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

  Google Scholar 

• Harris, Z. 1951. Structural Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Hobbs, J.R. 1987. World Knowledge and World Meaning. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (Tinlap-3), Las Cruces, 20–25.

• Jensen, K., and J.-L. Binot. 1987. Disambiguating Prepositional Phrase Attachments by Using On-Line Dictionary Definitions. Computational Linguistics 13: 251–260.

  Google Scholar 

• Johnson, S.C. 1967. Hierarchical Clustering Schemes. Psychometrika 32: 241–254.

  Google Scholar 

• Kegl, J. 1987. The Boundary Between Word Knowledge and World Knowledge. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (Tinlap-3), Las Cruces, 26–31.

• Kucera, H., and W.N. Francis. 1967. Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Lenat, D.B., and E.A. Feigenbaum. 1987. On The Thresholds of Knowledge. In Proceedings of Ijcai-87, Milan, 1173–1182.

• Lenat, D.B., M. Prakash and M. Shepherd. 1986. Cyc: Using Common Sense Knowledge to Overcome Brittleness and Knowledge Acquisition Bottlenecks. AI Magazine 7 (4): 65–85.

  Google Scholar 

• Lesk, M.E. 1986. Automatic Sense Disambiguation Using Machine Readable Dictionaries: How to Tell a Pine Cone from an Ice Crean Cone. In Proceedings of the Acm Sigdoc Conference, Toronto, 24–26.

• Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics, Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• McClelland, J., D.E. Rumelhart and the PDP Research Group (Eds.). 1986. Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Two Volumes, Volume 2: Psychological and Biological Models. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.

  Google Scholar 

• McDonald, J.E., T. Plate and R.W. Schvaneveldt. Forthcoming. Using Pathfinder to Analyse a Dictionary. In R. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), untitled.

• Markowitz, J., T. Ahlswede and M. Evens. 1986. Semantically Significant Patterns in Dictionary Definitions. In Proceedings of Acl-24, New York, 112–119.

• Masterman, M. 1957. The Thesaurus in Syntax and Semantics. Mechanical Translation 4: 1–2.

  Google Scholar 

• Michiels, A., J. Mullenders and J. Noel. 1980. Exploiting a Large Data Base by Longman. In Proceedings of Coling-80, Tokyo, 374–382.

• Miller, G.A. 1985. Dictionaries of the Mind. In Proceedings of Acl-23, Chicago, 305–314.

• Newell, A. 1973. Artificial Intelligence and the Concept of Mind. In R.C. Schank and K.M. Colby (Eds.), Computer Models of Thought and Language. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1–60.

  Google Scholar 

• Ogden, C.K. 1942. The General Basic English Dictionary. New York: W.W Norton.

  Google Scholar 

• Procter, P. et al., (Eds.). 1978. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow, Essex: Longman.

  Google Scholar 

• Pulman, S.G. 1985. Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar, Earley's Algorithm, and the Minimisation of Recursion. In K. Sparck Jones and Y.A. Wilks (Eds.), Automatic Natural Language Parsing. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 117–131.

  Google Scholar 

• Pustejovsky, J., and S. Bergler. 1987. The Acquisition of Conceptual Structure for the Lexicon. In Proceedings of Aaai-87, Seattle, 556–570.

• Quillian, M.R. 1967. Word Concepts: A Theory and Simulation of Some Basic Semantic Capabilities. Behavioral Science 12: 410–430. Reprinted in R.J. Brachman and H.J. Levesque (Eds.), Readings in Knowledge Representation. Los Altos: Morgan Kaufmann, 1985, 98–118.

  Google Scholar 

• Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartik. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. Harlow, Essex: Longman.

  Google Scholar 

• Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of English. Harlow, Essex: Longman.

  Google Scholar 

• St. John, M.F., and J.L. McClelland. 1986. Reconstructive Memory for Sentences: A PDP Approach. Ohio University Inference Conference.

• Sampson, G. 1986. A Stochastic Approach to Parsing. In Proceedings of Coling-86, Bonn, 151–155.

• Schvaneveldt, R.W., and F.T. Durso. 1981. Generalized Semantic Networks. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Philadelphia.

• Schvaneveldt, R.W., F.T. Durso and D.W. Dearholt. 1985. Pathfinder: Scaling with Network Structure. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-85-9, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.

  Google Scholar 

• Shortliffe, E.H. 1976. Computer-Based Medical Consultation: Mycin. New York: Elsevier.

  Google Scholar 

• Slator, B.M. 1988a. Lexical Semantics and a Preference Semantics Parser. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-88-116, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.

  Google Scholar 

• Slator, B.M. 1988b. Premo: the PREference Machine Organization. In Proceedings of the Third Annual Rocky Mountain Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Denver, 258–265.

• Slator, B.M. 1988c. Constructing Contextually Organized Lexical Semantic Knowledge-Bases. Proceedings of the Third Annual Rocky Mountain Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Denver, CO, 142–148.

• Slator, B.M., and Y.A. Wilks. 1987. Toward Semantic Structures from Dictionary Entries. In Proceedings of the Second Annual Rocky Mountain Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Boulder, CO, 85–96. Also, Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-87-96, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.

  Google Scholar 

• Slocum, J. 1985. Parser Construction Techniques: A Tutorial. Tutorial held at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Chicago.

• Slocum, J., and M.G. Morgan. Forthcoming. The Role of Dictionaries and Machine Readable Lexicons in Translation. In D. Walker, A. Zampolli and N. Calzolari (eds.), Automating the Lexicon: Research and Practice in a Multilingual Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• Sparck Jones, K. 1964. Synonymy and Semantic Classification. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge.

• Sparck Jones, K. 1986. Synonymy and Semantic Classification. (Ph.D. thesis with new Foreword.) Edinburgh Information Technology Series (Edits). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

• Walker, D.E., and R.A. Amsler. 1986. The Use of Machine-Readable Dictionaries in Sublanguage Analysis. In R. Grishman and R. Kittredge (Eds.), Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 69–84.

  Google Scholar 

• Waltz, D.L., and J.B. Pollack. 1985. Massively Parallel Parsing: A Strongly Interactive Model of Natural Language Interpretation. Cognitive Science 9: 51–74.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilks, Y.A. 1972. Grammar, Meaning, and the Machine Analysis of Language. Routledge and Kegan Paul: London.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilks, Y.A. 1973. An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Machine Translation. In R.C. Schank and K.M. Colby (Eds.), Computer Models of Thought and Language. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 114–151.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilks, Y.A. 1975a. A Preferential Pattern-Seeking Semantics for Natural Language Inference. Artificial Intelligence 6: 53–74.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilks, Y.A. 1975b. An Intelligent Analyser and Understander for English. Communications of the ACM 18: 264–274.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilks, Y.A. 1977. Good and Bad Arguments about Semantic Primitives. Communication and Cognition 10: 182–221.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilks, Y.A. 1978. Making Preferences More Active. Artificial Intelligence 10: 75–97.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilks, Y.A., D.C. Fass, C. Guo, J.E. McDonald, T. Plate and B.M. Slator. 1987. A Tractable Machine Dictionary as a Resource for Computational Semantics. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-87-105, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. To appear in B. Boguraev and T. Briscoe (Eds.), Computational Lexicography for Natural Language Processing. Harlow, Essex: Longman.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilks, Y.A., D.C. Fass, C. Guo, J.E. McDonald, T. Plate and B.M. Slator. 1988. Machine Tractable Dictionaries as Tools and Resources for Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of Coling-88, Budapest, 750–755.

• Winston, P.H. 1975. Learning Structural Descriptions from Examples. In P.H. Winston (Ed.), The Psychology of Computer Vision. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Google Scholar 

Download references