Modelling an E-Voting Domain for the Formal Development of a Software Product Line: When the Implicit Should Be Made Explicit

1. Y. Ait-Ameur, J.P. Gibson, D. Méry, On implicit and explicit semantics: integration issues in proof-based development of systems, in Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. Specialized Techniques and Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8803, ed. by T. Margaria, B. Steffen (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014), pp. 604–618

   Google Scholar 

2. A. Ait Wakrime, J.P. Gibson, J.-L. Raffy, Formalising the requirements of an e-voting software product line using event-B, in 27th International Conference on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, Paris, France, June 2018 (IEEE, 2018), pp. 78–84

   Google Scholar 

3. B.B. Bederson, B. Lee, R.M. Sherman, P.S. Herrnson, R.G. Niemi, Electronic voting system usability issues, in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (ACM, 2003), pp. 145–152

   Google Scholar 

4. J.-P. Bodeveix, M. Filali, J. Lawall, G. Muller, Formal methods meet domain specific languages, in Integrated Formal Methods (Springer, 2005), pp. 187–206

   Google Scholar 

5. D. Cansell, J.P. Gibson, D. Méry, Formal verification of tamper-evident storage for e-voting, in SEFM (IEEE Computer Society, 2007), pp. 329–338

   Google Scholar 

6. D. Cansell, J.P. Gibson, D. Méry, Refinement: a constructive approach to formal software design for a secure e-voting interface. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 183, 39–55 (2007)

   Google Scholar 

7. C.-L. Chen, Y.-Y. Chen, J.-K. Jan, C.-C. Chen, A secure anonymous e-voting system based on discrete logarithm problem. Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8(5), 2571 (2014)

   Google Scholar 

8. J. Clark, U. Hengartner, Selections: internet voting with over-the-shoulder coercion-resistance, in Financial Cryptography, vol. 7035 (Springer, 2011), pp. 47–61

   Google Scholar 

9. D. Cochran, J.R. Kiniry, Formal model-based validation for tally systems, in International Conference on E-Voting and Identity (Springer, 2013), pp. 41–60

   Google Scholar 

10. S. Falkner, P. Kieseberg, D.E. Simos, C. Traxler, E. Weippl, E-voting authentication with qr-codes, in International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy, and Trust (Springer, 2014), pp. 149–159

    Google Scholar 

11. D. Fensel, Ontologies (Springer, 2001)

    Google Scholar 

12. J.P. Gibson, S. Kherroubi, D. Méry, Applying a dependency mechanism for voting protocol models using event-B, in Formal Techniques for Distributed Objects, Components, and Systems - 37th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference, FORTE 2017, Held as Part of the 12th International Federated Conference on Distributed Computing Techniques, DisCoTec 2017, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, June 19-22, 2017, Proceedings, ed. by A. Bouajjani, A. Silva. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10321 (Springer, 2017), pp. 124–138

    Google Scholar 

13. J.P. Gibson, R. Krimmer, V. Teague, J. Pomares, A review of e-voting: the past, present and future. Ann. Telecommun. 71(7), 279–286 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

14. J.P. Gibson, E. Lallet, J.-L. Raffy, Feature interactions in a software product line for e-voting, in Feature Interactions in Software and Communication Systems X, ed. by Nakamura and Reiff-Marganiec. Lisbon, Portugal, June 2009 (IOS Press, 2009), pp. 91–106

    Google Scholar 

15. J.P. Gibson, E. Lallet, J.-L. Raffy, Engineering a distributed e-voting system architecture: meeting critical requirements, in Architecting Critical Systems, First International Symposium, ISARCS 2010, Prague, Czech Republic, June 23-25, 2010, Proceedings, ed. by H. Giese. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6150 (Springer, 2010), pp. 89–108

    Google Scholar 

16. J.P. Gibson, E. Lallet, J.-L. Raffy, Formal object oriented development of a voting system test oracle. Innov. Syst. Softw. Eng. (Spec. issue UML-FM11) 7(4), 237–245 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

17. J.P. Gibson, D. MacNamara, K. Oakley, Just like paper and the 3-colour protocol: a voting interface requirements engineering case study, in Proceedings of 2011 International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Electronic RE-Vote 2011, Trento, Italy, August 2011 (IEEE, 2011), pp. 66–75

    Google Scholar 

18. J.P. Gibson, M. McGaley, Verification and maintenance of e-voting systems and standards, in 8th European Conference on e-Government, ed. by D. Remenyi. Lausanne, Switzerland, July 2008 (Academic Publishing International, 2008), pp. 283–289

    Google Scholar 

19. G.S. Grewal, M.D. Ryan, L. Chen, M.R. Clarkson, Du-vote: remote electronic voting with untrusted computers, in Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF), 2015 IEEE 28th (IEEE, 2015), pp. 155–169

    Google Scholar 

20. D. Gritzalis, Principles and requirements for a secure e-voting system. Comput. Secur. 21(6), 539–556 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

21. T.R. Gruber, Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing? Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 43(5-6), 907–928 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

22. J.A. Halderman, Practical attacks on real-world e-voting. Real-World Electronic Voting: Design, Analysis and Deployment (2016), pp. 145–171

    Google Scholar 

23. G. Hamilton, J.P. Gibson, D. Méry, Composing fair objects, in International Conference on Software Engineering Applied to Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD ’00), ed. by Fouchal and Lee. Reims, France, May (2000), pp. 225–233

    Google Scholar 

24. D. Jefferson, A.D. Rubin, B. Simons, D. Wagner, Analyzing internet voting security. Commun. ACM 47(10), 59–64 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

25. R. Joaquim, P. Ferreira, C. Ribeiro, Eviv: an end-to-end verifiable internet voting system. Comput. Secur. 32, 170–191 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

26. T. Kohno, A. Stubblefield, A.D. Rubin, D.S. Wallach, Analysis of an electronic voting system, in IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P04) (IEEE, 2004), pp. 27–40

    Google Scholar 

27. R. Krimmer, M. Volkamer, Bits or paper? comparing remote electronic voting to postal voting, in EGOV (Workshops and Posters) (2005), pp. 225–232

    Google Scholar 

28. T.W. Lauer, The risk of e-voting. Electron. J. E-Gov. 2(3), 177–186 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

29. H.J. Levesque, A logic of implicit and explicit belief, in AAAI, ed. by R.J. Brachman (AAAI Press, 1984), pp. 198–202

    Google Scholar 

30. M. Lindeman, P.B. Stark, A gentle introduction to risk-limiting audits. IEEE Secur. Priv. (5), 42–49 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

31. D. MacNamara, J.P. Gibson, K. Oakley, A preliminary study on a dualvote and prltvoter hybrid system, in International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government 2012, Danube University Krems, Austria, May (2012), pp. 77–89. Edition Donau-Universitt Krems

    Google Scholar 

32. M. McGaley, J.P. Gibson, E-Voting: A Safety Critical System. Technical Report NUIM-CS-TR-2003-02, NUI Maynooth, Computer Science Department (2003)

    Google Scholar 

33. M. McGaley, J.P. Gibson, A critical analysis of the council of Europe recommendations on e-voting, in EVT’06: Proceedings of the USENIX/Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop 2006 on Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, Berkeley, CA, USA (2006), pp. 1–13. USENIX Association

    Google Scholar 

34. B. Meng, A secure non-interactive deniable authentication protocol with strong deniability based on discrete logarithm problem and its application on internet voting protocol. Inf. Technol. J. 8(3), 302–309 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

35. R. Mercuri, A better ballot box? IEEE Spectr. 39(10), 46–50 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

36. M. Mernik, J. Heering, A.M. Sloane, When and how to develop domain-specific languages. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 37(4), 316–344 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

37. P.G. Neumann, Security criteria for electronic voting, in 16th National Computer Security Conference, vol. 29 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

38. A.-M. Oostveen, Outsourcing democracy: losing control of e-voting in the Netherlands. Policy Internet 2(4), 201–220 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

39. J. Pomares, I. Levin, R.M. Alvarez, G.L. Mirau, T. Ovejero, From piloting to roll-out: voting experience and trust in the first full e-election in Argentina, in 2014 6th International Conference on Electronic Voting: Verifying the Vote (EVOTE) (IEEE, 2014), pp. 1–10

    Google Scholar 

40. T. Rhodes, F. Boland, E. Fong, M. Kass, Software assurance using structured assurance case models. J. Res. Nat. Inst. Stand. Technol. 115(3), 209 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

41. D. Springall, T. Finkenauer, Z. Durumeric, J. Kitcat, H. Hursti, M. MacAlpine, J.A. Halderman, Security analysis of the Estonian internet voting system, in Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ACM, 2014), pp. 703–715

    Google Scholar 

42. M. Uschold, Where are the semantics in the semantic web? AI Mag. 24, 25–36 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

43. A. Van Deursen, P. Klint, Domain-specific language design requires feature descriptions. CIT. J. Comput. Inf. Technol. 10(1), 1–17 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

44. A. Van Deursen, P. Klint, J. Visser, Domain-specific languages: an annotated bibliography. ACM Sigplan Not. 35(6), 26–36 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

45. A. van Lamsweerde, L. Willemet, Inferring declarative requirements specifications from operational scenarios. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 24, 1089–1114 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

46. Venice Commission, Code of good practice in electoral matters. CDL-AD 23, 2002 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

47. A. Villafiorita, K. Weldemariam, R. Tiella, Development, formal verification, and evaluation of an e-voting system with VVPAT. Trans. Info. For. Sec. 4(4), 651–661 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

48. T. Walter, J. Ebert, Combining DSLS and ontologies using metamodel integration, in DSL (Springer, 2009), pp. 148–169

    Google Scholar 

49. J. White, J.A. Galindo, T. Saxena, B. Dougherty, D. Benavides, D.C. Schmidt, Evolving feature model configurations in software product lines. J. Syst. Softw. 87, 119–136 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

50. X. Zou, H. Li, F. Li, W. Peng, Y. Sui, Transparent, auditable, and stepwise verifiable online e-voting enabling an open and fair election. Cryptography 1(2), 13 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

Download references