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Pupillary Signs

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Ophthalmic Signs in Practice of Medicine

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Abstract

Pupillary reflexes are most widely used in ophthalmology, neurology, anesthesiology, emergency rooms, and psychology clinics. Pupil reflexes have been used for nearly 200 years to evaluate visual pathways and intracranial pathology. The recent discovery of intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells has led to a better understanding of pupil light reflexes and their role in circadian rhythm and higher functions. The pupil light reflex tests the integrity of visual pathways’ non-visual (non-image forming) tasks. Pupil reactions have been an integral part of the neurosurgical evaluation of patients in coma due to traumatic brain injuries, infections, or intracranial space-occupying lesions. Since the availability of infrared pupilometers in the last 30 years, objective pupillometry has become an integral tool in intensive care units for the hour-to-hour evaluation of comatose patients. The dilated pupil is a surrogate for dangerously high intracranial pressure and is used to prognosticate outcomes of patients admitted to intensive care units.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Eye Centre, Chandigarh, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

    Amod Gupta & Arun Kapil

  2. Advanced Eye Centre, Chandigarh, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India

    Reema Bansal

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

    Aman Sharma

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Gupta, A., Bansal, R., Sharma, A., Kapil, A. (2023). Pupillary Signs. In: Ophthalmic Signs in Practice of Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7923-3_16

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