[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Social Constraint

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Simulating Social Complexity

Part of the book series: Understanding Complex Systems ((UCS))

  • 2397 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines how a specific type of social constraint operates in Artificial Societies. The investigation concentrates on bottom-up behaviour regulation. Freedom of individual action selection is constraint by some kind of obligations that become operative in the individual decision-making process. This is the concept of norms. The two-way dynamics of norms is investigated in two main sections of the chapter: the effect of norms on a social macro-scale and the operation of social constraints in the individual agent. While normative modelling is becoming useful for a number of practical purposes, this chapter specifically addresses the benefits of this expanding research field to understand the dynamics of human societies. For this reason, both sections begin with an elaboration of the problem situation, derived from the empirical sciences. This enables to specify questions to agent-based modelling. Both sections then proceed with an evaluation of the state of the art in agent-based modelling. In the first case, sociology is consulted. Agent-based modelling promises an integrated view on the conception of norms in role theoretic and individualistic theories of society. A sample of existing models is examined. In the second case, socialisation research is consulted. In the process of socialisation, the obligatory force of norms becomes internalised by the individuals. A simulation of the feedback loop back into the mind of agents is only in the beginning. Research is predominantly on the level of the development of architectures. For this reason, a sample of architectures is evaluated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    For a more in-depth discussion of this model, the interested reader is referred to the chapter on reputation (Giardini et al. 2013).

References

  • Andrighetto, G., Campennì, M., Conte, R., & Paolucci, M. (2007). On the immergence of norms: A normative agent architecture. In G. P. Trajkovski & S. G. Collins (Eds.), Emergent agents and socialities: Social and organizational aspects of intelligence. Proceedings of the 2007 Fall AAAI Symposium (pp. 11–18). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, R. (1986). An evolutionary approach to norms. American Political Science Review, 80, 1095–1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1962). Social learning through imitation. In M. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behaviour modification. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bicchieri, C., Duffy, J., & Tolle, G. (2003). Trust among strangers. Philosophy of Science, 71, 286–319.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Binmore, K. (1998). Review of the book The complexity of cooperation: agent-based models of Competition and Collaboration by R. Axelrod, Princeton, Princeton University Press. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 1(1). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/1/1/review1.html.

  • Boella, G., & van der Torre, L. (2003). Norm governed multiagent systems: The delegation of control to autonomous agents. In Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology 2003 (IAT 2003) (pp. 329–335). IEEE Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boella, G., & van der Torre, L. (2006). An architecture of a normative system: counts-as conditionals, obligations, and permissions. In AAMAS ‘06: Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (pp. 229–231). New York: ACM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boella, G., van der Torre, L., & Verhagen, H. (Eds.) (2005, April 12–15). Proceedings of the Symposium on Normative Multi-Agent Systems (NORMAS 2005), AISB’05 Convention: Social Intelligence and Interaction in Animals, Robots and Agents, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK. Hatfield: Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour (SSAISB).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boella, G., van der Torre, L., & Verhagen, H. (2007). Introduction to Normative Multiagent Systems. In G. Boella, L. van der Torre, & H. Verhagen (Eds.), Normative multi-agent systems, Dagstuhl seminar proceedings 07122 (Vol. I, pp. 19–25). IBFI, Schloss Dagstuhl: Wadern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boman, M. (1999). Norms in artificial decision making. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 7, 17–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosma, H., & Kunner, E. (2001). Determinants and mechanisms in ego development: A review and synthesis. Developmental Review, 21(1), 39–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boudon, R. (1981). The logic of social action. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bratman, M. (1987). Intentions, plans and practical reasoning. Stanford: CSLI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broersen, J., Dastani, M., Huang, Z., & van der Torre, L. (2001). The BOID architecture: Conflicts between beliefs, obligations, intentions, and desires. In E. André, S. Sen, C. Frasson, & J. P. Müller (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents (pp. 9–16). New York: ACM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M., Fournier, G., & Prasad, K. (2006). The emergence of local norms in networks. Complexity, 11, 65–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castelfranchi, C., Conte, R., & Paolucci, M. (1998). Normative reputation and the costs of compliance. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 1(3). http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/1/3/3.html

  • Castelfranchi, C., Dignum, F., & Treur, J. (2000) Deliberative normative agents: Principles and architecture. In: N. R. Jennings & Y. Lesperance (Eds.), Intelligent Agents VI, Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL), 6th International Workshop, ATAL ‘99, Orlando, Florida, USA, July 15–17, 1999, Proceedings (LNCS, 1757) (pp. 364–378). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claessens, D. (1972). Familie und wertsystem: Eine studie zur zweiten sozio-kulturellen geburt des menschen. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. (1987). The emergence of norms in varying social structures. Angewandte Sozialforschung, 14, 17–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte, R., & Castelfranchi, C. (1995a). Cognitive and social action. London: UCL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte, R., & Castelfranchi, C. (1995b). Understanding the functions of norms in social groups through simulation. In N. Gilbert & R. Conte (Eds.), Artificial societies: The computer simulation of social life (pp. 252–267). London: UCL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte, R., & Castelfranchi, C. (1999). From conventions to prescriptions: Towards an integrated view of norms. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 7, 323–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conte, R., & Castelfranchi, C. (2001). Are incentives good enough to achieve (info) social order? In R. Conte & C. Dellarocas (Eds.), Social order in multiagent systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Conte, R., & Dellarocas, C. (Eds.). (2001). Social order in multiagent systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte, R., & Dignum, F. (2001). From social monitoring to normative influence. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 4(2). http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/4/2/7.html

  • Dahrendorf, R. (1956). Homo sociologicus. Ein versuch zu geschichte, bedeutung und kritik der kategorie der sozialen rolle. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, K., & Moore, W. (1945). Some principles of stratification. American Sociological Review, 10, 242–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deffuant, G., Moss, S., & Jager, W. (2006). Dialogues concerning a (possibly) new science. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 9(1). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/9/1/1.html

  • Dignum, F., Kinny, D., & Sonenberg, L. (2002). From desires, obligations and norms to goals. Cognitive Science Quarterly, 2, 407. http://www.cs.uu.nl/people/dignum/papers/CSQ.pdf

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E. ([1895] 1970). Regeln der soziologischen methode. Neuwied: Luchterhand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E. ([1897] 2006). Der selbstmord. Frankfurt am Main.: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E. ([1907] 1972). Erziehung und soziologie. Düsseldorf: Schwann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. (2000). Learning to be thoughtless: Social norms and individual computation (Working Paper No. 6). Center on Social and Economic Dynamics. http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/00-03-022.pdf

  • Esser, H. (1993). Soziologie: Allgemeine grundlagen. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fioretti, G. (2017). Utility, games, and narratives. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66948-9_16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flentge, F., Polani, D., & Uthmann, T. (2001). Modelling the emergence of possession norms using memes. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 4(4). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/4/4/3.html

  • Freud, S. (1932). Neue vorlesungen zur einführung in die psychoanalyse. In S. Freud (Ed.), Gesammelte Werke (Vol. 15). London: Imago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1955). Abriss der psychoanalyse. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrer, U., & Trautner, N. (2005). Entwicklung und identität. In J. Asendorpf (Ed.), Enzyklopädie der pschologie—Entwicklungspsychologie (Vol. 3). Göttingen: Hofgrebe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Camino, A., Rodriguez-Aguilar, J. A., Sierra, C., & Vasconcelos, W. (2006, May 08–12). Norm-oriented programming of electronic institutions: A rule-based approach. In H. Nakashima, M. Wellman, G. Weiss, & P. Stone (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems 2006, Hakodate, Japan (pp. 670–672). New York: ACM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geulen, D. (1991). Die historische entwicklung sozialisationstheoretischer ansätze. In K. Hurrelmann & D. Ulich (Eds.), Neues handbuch der sozialisationsforschung. Beltz: Weinheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giardini, F., Conte, R., & Paolucci, M. (2013). In B. Edmonds & R. Meyer (Eds.), Simulating social complexity: A handbook. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. P. (1981). Norms, deviance and social control: Conceptual matters. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerin, F. (2008, April 1–4). Constructivism in AI: Prospects, progress and challenges. In Proceedings of the AISB Convention 2008, Volume 12: Computing and Philosophy, Aberdeen, Scotland (pp. 20–27). London: The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hales, D. (2002). Group reputation supports beneficent norms. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 5(4). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/4/4.html

  • Homans, G. (1964). Bringing man back in. American Sociological Review, 29, 809–818.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Keupp, H. (1999). Identitätskontruktionen. Hamburg: Rowohlt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. (1996). Die psychologie der moralentwicklung. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krappmann, L. (2006). Sozialisationsforschung im spannungsfeld zwischen gesellschaftlicher reproduktion und entstehender handlungsfähigkeit. In W. Schneider & F. Wilkening (Eds.), Enzyklopädie der psychologie—Entwicklungspsychologie (Vol. 1). Göttingen: Hofgrebe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann, G., Moldt, D., & Paolucci, M. (Eds.). (2004). Regulated agent-based social systems: First international workshop, RASTA 2002, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 2934). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, F., & Marquez, A. (2004). An architecture for autonomous normative agents. In Proceedings of the 5th Mexican International Conference in Computer Science, ENC’04 (pp. 96–103). Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macy, M., & Sato, Y. (2002). Trust, cooperation, and market formation in the U.S. and Japan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 7214–7220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macy, M., & Willer, R. (2002). From factors to actors: Computational sociology and agent-based modelling. American Review of Sociology, 28, 143–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, B. (1927). Sex and repression in primitive society. New York: Humanities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, M. (1928). Coming of age in Samoa. New York: William Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. H. ([1934] 1968). Geist, identität und gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main.: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. (1957). Social theory and social structure (2nd ed.). Glencoe: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, S. (2001). Game theory: Limitations and an alternative. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 4(2). http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/4/2/2.html

  • Neumann, M. (2008a, July 14–17). A classification of normative architectures. In G. Deffuant, & C. Cioffi-Revilla (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second World Congress of Social Simulation (WCSS’08), Fairfax, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, M. (2008b). Homo socionicus: A case study of normative agents. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 11(4). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/11/4/6.html

  • Parsons, T. ([1937] 1968). The structure of social action: A study in social theory with special reference to a group of recent European writers. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. ([1932] 1983). Das moralische urteil beim kinde. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. ([1947] 1955). Psychologie der intelligenz. Zürich: Rascher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A., & M. Georgeff (1991, April 22–25). Modeling rational agents within a BDI architecture. In J. F. Allen, R. Fikes, & E. Sandewall (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR’91), Cambridge, MA (pp. 473–484). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raub, W., & Voss, T. (1981). Individuelles handeln und gesellschaftliche folgen: Das individualistische programm in den sozialwissenschaften. Darmstadt: Luchterhand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saam, N., & Harrer, A. (1999). Simulating norms, social inequality, and functional change in artificial societies. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 2(1). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/2/1/2.html

  • Sadri, F., Stathis, K., & Toni, F. (2006). Normative KGP agents. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 12, 101–126.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Savarimuthu, B., Purvis, M., Cranefield, S. & Purvis, M. A. (2007). How do norms emerge in multi-agent societies? Mechanism design (The Information Science Discussion Paper Series, 2007/01). Dunedin: University of Otago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, S., & Airiau, S. (2007, January 6–12). Emergence of norms through social learning. In M. Veloso (Ed.), Proceedings of the Twentieth Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-07), Hyderabad, India (pp. 1507–1512).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoham, Y., & Tennenholtz, M. (1992, July 12–16). On the synthesis of useful social laws for artificial agent societies (preliminary report). In W. R. Swartout (Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI’92), San Jose, CA (pp. 276–281). Cambridge: AAAI Press/The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skyrms, B. (1996). Evolution of the social contract. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Skyrms, B. (2004). The stage hunt and the evolution of social structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223(5), 96–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Therborn, G. (2002). Back to norms! On the scope and dynamics of normative action. Current Sociology, 50(6), 863–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C., & Onorato, R. S. (1999). Social identity, personality, and the self-concept: A self categorising perspective. In T. Tylor et al. (Eds.), The psychology of the social group. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez-Salceda, J., Aldewereld, H., & Dignum, F. (2005). Norms in multiagent systems: From theory to practice. International Journal of Computer Systems and Engineering, 20, 225–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen, H. (2001). Simulation of the learning of norms. Social Science Computer Review, 19, 296–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vieth, M. (2003). Die evolution von fairnessnormen im ultimatumspiel: Eine spieltheoretische modellierung. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 32, 346–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wrong, D. (1961). The oversocialised conception of man. American Sociological Review, 26, 183–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany

    Martin Neumann

Authors
  1. Martin Neumann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Neumann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Policy Modelling, Manchester Metropolitan University, Business School, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Bruce Edmonds

  2. Centre for Policy Modelling, Manchester Metropolitan University, Business School, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Ruth Meyer

Further Reading

Further Reading

Even though they are quite old and some of their findings are out of date by now, it is still a good start (and not too much effort) to study the following two models to become familiar with the research field of normative agent-based models: Axelrod’s (1986) evolutionary approach to norms and Conte and Castelfranchi’s (1995a, b) paper on understanding the functions of norms in social groups (using simulation).

As an introduction into the design and logical foundations of normative architectures, the following anthologies are suggested: Boella et al. (2005) and Boella et al. (2007).

The relation of modelling and theory is particularly highlighted in the two anthologies (Conte and Dellarocas 2001; Lindemann et al. 2004). Here the reader will also find hints for further readings about the empirical and theoretical background.

For an overview of the theoretical background and developments in theorising norms, it is suggested to refer to Conte and Castelfranchi (1995a, b) and Therborn (2002).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Neumann, M. (2017). Social Constraint. In: Edmonds, B., Meyer, R. (eds) Simulating Social Complexity. Understanding Complex Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66948-9_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66948-9_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-66947-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-66948-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics